Part 35 (2/2)

11. 11. See Freitas's books See Freitas's books Nanomedicine Nanomedicine, vol. 1, Basic Capabilities Basic Capabilities (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999), and (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999), and Nanomedicine Nanomedicine, vol. 2A, Biocompatibility Biocompatibility (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 2003), both freely available online at . Also see the Foresight Inst.i.tute's ”Nanomedicine” page by Robert Freitas, which lists his current technical works (. Also see the Foresight Inst.i.tute's ”Nanomedicine” page by Robert Freitas, which lists his current technical works (/news/2002/021111/full/021111-1.html, reporting on N. Mano, F. Mao, and A. h.e.l.ler, ”A Miniature Biofuel Cell Operating in a Physiological Buffer,” online, Nov. 12, 2002, /news/2002/021111/full/021111-1.html, reporting on N. Mano, F. Mao, and A. h.e.l.ler, ”A Miniature Biofuel Cell Operating in a Physiological Buffer,” Journal of the American Chemical Society Journal of the American Chemical Society 124 (2002): 1296263; Carlo Montemagno et al., ”Self-a.s.sembled Microdevices Driven by Muscle,” 124 (2002): 1296263; Carlo Montemagno et al., ”Self-a.s.sembled Microdevices Driven by Muscle,” Nature Materials Nature Materials 4.2 (February 2005): 18084, published electronically (January 16, 2005). 4.2 (February 2005): 18084, published electronically (January 16, 2005).

17. 17. See the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Web site (/corpinfo/index.shtml. See the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Web site (/corpinfo/index.shtml.

18. 18. ”Direct brain-to-brain communication ... seem[s] more like the stuff of Hollywood movies than of government reports-but these are among the advances forecast in a recent report by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Department of Commerce.” G. Brumfiel, ”Futurists Predict Body Swaps for Planet Hops,” ”Direct brain-to-brain communication ... seem[s] more like the stuff of Hollywood movies than of government reports-but these are among the advances forecast in a recent report by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Department of Commerce.” G. Brumfiel, ”Futurists Predict Body Swaps for Planet Hops,” Nature Nature 418 (July 25, 2002): 359. 418 (July 25, 2002): 359.

Deep brain stimulation, by which electric current from implanted electrodes influences brain function, is an FDA-approved neural implant for Parkinson's disease and is being tested for other neurological disorders. See AI Abbott, ”Brain Implants Show Promise Against Obsessive Disorder,” Nature Nature 419 (October 17, 2002): 658, and B. Nuttin et al., ”Electrical Stimulation in Anterior Limbs of Internal Capsules in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,” 419 (October 17, 2002): 658, and B. Nuttin et al., ”Electrical Stimulation in Anterior Limbs of Internal Capsules in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,” Lancet Lancet 354.9189 (October 30, 1999): 1526. 354.9189 (October 30, 1999): 1526.

19. 19. See the Retinal Implant Project Web site (. Medtronic also makes an implant for cerebral palsy. See S. Hart, ”Brain Implant Quells Tremors,” ABC News, December 23, 1997, nasw.org/users/hart/subhtml/abcnews.html. Also see the Medtronic Web site, .

22. 22. Gunther Zeck and Peter Fromherz, ”Noninvasive Neuroelectronic Interfacing with Synaptically Connected Snail Neurons Immobilized on a Semiconductor Chip,” Gunther Zeck and Peter Fromherz, ”Noninvasive Neuroelectronic Interfacing with Synaptically Connected Snail Neurons Immobilized on a Semiconductor Chip,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.18 (August 28, 2001): 1045762. 98.18 (August 28, 2001): 1045762.

23. 23. See R. Colin Johnson, ”Scientists Activate Neurons with Quantum Dots,” See R. Colin Johnson, ”Scientists Activate Neurons with Quantum Dots,” EE Times EE Times, December 4, 2001, /story/OEG20011204S0068. Quantum dots can also be used for imaging; see M. Dahan et al., ”Diffusion Dynamics of Glycine Receptors Revealed by Single-Quantum Dot Tracking,” Science Science 302.5644 (October 17, 2003): 44245; J. K. Jaiswal and S. M. Simon, ”Potentials and Pitfalls of Fluorescent Quantum Dots for Biological Imaging,” 302.5644 (October 17, 2003): 44245; J. K. Jaiswal and S. M. Simon, ”Potentials and Pitfalls of Fluorescent Quantum Dots for Biological Imaging,” Trends in Cell Biology Trends in Cell Biology 14.9 (September 2004): 497504. 14.9 (September 2004): 497504.

24. 24. S. Shoham et al., ”Motor-Cortical Activity in Tetraplegics,” S. Shoham et al., ”Motor-Cortical Activity in Tetraplegics,” Nature Nature 413.6858 (October 25, 2001): 793. For the University of Utah news release, see ”An Early Step Toward Helping the Paralyzed Walk,” October 24, 2001, pany based in Both.e.l.l, Was.h.i.+ngton. See /nomadmilitary/index.html. One example, Nomad for Military Applications, has been produced by Microvision, a company based in Both.e.l.l, Was.h.i.+ngton. See /nomadmilitary/index.html.

28. 28. Olga Kharif, ”Your Lapel Is Ringing,” Olga Kharif, ”Your Lapel Is Ringing,” Business Week Business Week, June 21, 2004.

29. 29. Laila Weir, ”High-Tech Hearing Bypa.s.ses Ears,” Laila Weir, ”High-Tech Hearing Bypa.s.ses Ears,” Wired News Wired News, September 16, 2004, /news/technology/0,1282,64963,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_4.

30. 30. Hypersonic Sound technology, /tl_hss.html; Audio Spotlight, /technology.html. Hypersonic Sound technology, /tl_hss.html; Audio Spotlight, /technology.html.

31. 31. Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein, Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein, American Inst.i.tute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News American Inst.i.tute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News 236 (August 7, 1995), /NMI/7.4.5.4.htm#p5, and section 7.4.5.6, ”Outmessaging to Neurons,” pp. 19697, INMI/7.4.5.6.htm#p2.

34. 34. For descriptions of the Ramona project, including videos of the virtual-reality presentation at the TED conference and a behind-the-scenes ”Making of Ramona” video, see ”All About Ramona,” /NMI/7.3.htm.

37. 37. Allen Kurzweil, Allen Kurzweil, The Grand Complication: A Novel The Grand Complication: A Novel (New York: Hyperion, 2002); Allen Kurzweil, (New York: Hyperion, 2002); Allen Kurzweil, A Case of Curiosities A Case of Curiosities (New York: Harvest Books, 2001). Allen Kurzweil is my first cousin. (New York: Harvest Books, 2001). Allen Kurzweil is my first cousin.

38. 38. As quoted in Aubrey de Grey, ”Engineering Negligible Senescence: Rational Design of Feasible, Comprehensive Rejuvenation Biotechnology,” Kronos Inst.i.tute Seminar Series, February 8, 2002. PowerPoint presentation available at /Nano/DeathIsAnOutrage.htm, published on KurzweilAI.net January 9, 2003: /Nano/DeathIsAnOutrage.htm, published on KurzweilAI.net January 9, 2003: /palmer/numbers.html.Europe 1400: Gregory Clark, The Conquest of Nature: A Brief Economic History of the World The Conquest of Nature: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton University Press, forthcoming, 2005), chapter 5, ”Mortality in the Malthusian Era,” ing, 2005), chapter 5, ”Mortality in the Malthusian Era,” puterhistory.org). The museum was originally located in Boston and is now in Mountain View, Calif. (puterhistory.org).

42. 42. Lyman and Kahle on long-term storage: ”While good paper lasts 500 years, computer tapes last 10. While there are active organizations to make copies, we will keep our information safe, we do not have an effective mechanism to make 500 year copies of digital materials....” Peter Lyman and Brewster Kahle, ”Archiving Digital Cultural Artifacts: Organizing an Agenda for Action,” Lyman and Kahle on long-term storage: ”While good paper lasts 500 years, computer tapes last 10. While there are active organizations to make copies, we will keep our information safe, we do not have an effective mechanism to make 500 year copies of digital materials....” Peter Lyman and Brewster Kahle, ”Archiving Digital Cultural Artifacts: Organizing an Agenda for Action,” D-Lib Magazine D-Lib Magazine, JulyAugust 1998. Stewart Brand writes: ”Behind every hot new working computer is a trail of bodies of extinct computers, extinct storage media, extinct applications, extinct files. Science fiction writer Bruce Sterling refers to our time as 'the Golden Age of dead media, most of them with the working lifespan of a pack of Twinkles,” Stewart Brand, ”Written on the Wind,” Civilization Magazine Civilization Magazine, November 1998 (”01998” in Long Now terminology), available online at /news/business/0,1367,58909,00.html; Gordon Bell's project (for Microsoft) is MyLifeBits, research.microsoft.com/research/barc/MediaPresence/MyLifeBits.aspx; for the Long Now Foundation, see longnow.org.

44. 44. Bergeron is a.s.sistant professor of anesthesiology at Harvard Medical School and the author of such books as Bergeron is a.s.sistant professor of anesthesiology at Harvard Medical School and the author of such books as Bioinformatics Computing Bioinformatics Computing, Biotech Industry: A Global, Economic, and Financing Overview Biotech Industry: A Global, Economic, and Financing Overview, and The Wireless Web and Healthcare The Wireless Web and Healthcare.

45. 45. The Long Now Foundation is developing one possible solution: the Rosetta Disk, which will contain extensive archives of text in languages that may be lost in the far future. They plan to use a unique storage technology based on a two-inch nickel disk that can store up to 350,000 pages per disk, with an estimated life expectancy of 2,000 to 10,000 years. See the Long Now Foundation, Library Ideas, longnow.org/10klibrary/10kLibConference.htm. The Long Now Foundation is developing one possible solution: the Rosetta Disk, which will contain extensive archives of text in languages that may be lost in the far future. They plan to use a unique storage technology based on a two-inch nickel disk that can store up to 350,000 pages per disk, with an estimated life expectancy of 2,000 to 10,000 years. See the Long Now Foundation, Library Ideas, longnow.org/10klibrary/10kLibConference.htm.

46. 46. John A. Parmentola, ”Paradigm s.h.i.+fting Capabilities for Army Transformation,” invited paper presented at the SPIE European Symposium on Optics/Photonics in Security and Defence, October 2528, 2004; available electronically at Bridge 34.3 (Fall 2004), .nsf/weblinks/MKEZ-65RLTA?OpenDoc.u.ment. John A. Parmentola, ”Paradigm s.h.i.+fting Capabilities for Army Transformation,” invited paper presented at the SPIE European Symposium on Optics/Photonics in Security and Defence, October 2528, 2004; available electronically at Bridge 34.3 (Fall 2004), .nsf/weblinks/MKEZ-65RLTA?OpenDoc.u.ment.

47. 47. Fred Bayles, ”High-tech Project Aims to Make Super-soldiers,” Fred Bayles, ”High-tech Project Aims to Make Super-soldiers,” USA Today USA Today, May 23, 2003, /news/nation/2003-05-22-nanotech-usat_x.htm; see the Inst.i.tute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Web site, web.mit.edu/isn; Sarah Putnam, ”Researchers Tout Opportunities in Nanotech,” MIT News Office, October 9, 2002, web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/cdc-nanotech -1009.html.

48. 48. Ron Schafer, ”Robotics to Play Major Role in Future Warfighting,” .mil/newslink/storyarchive/2003/pa072903.htm; Dr. Russell Richards, ”Unmanned Systems: A Big Player for Future Forces?” Unmanned Effects Workshop at the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, July 29August 1,2003. Ron Schafer, ”Robotics to Play Major Role in Future Warfighting,” .mil/newslink/storyarchive/2003/pa072903.htm; Dr. Russell Richards, ”Unmanned Systems: A Big Player for Future Forces?” Unmanned Effects Workshop at the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, July 29August 1,2003.

49. 49. John Rhea, ”NASA Robot in Form of Snake Planned to Penetrate Inaccessible Areas,” John Rhea, ”NASA Robot in Form of Snake Planned to Penetrate Inaccessible Areas,” Military and Aeros.p.a.ce Electronics Military and Aeros.p.a.ce Electronics, November 2000, mae.pennnet.com/Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=Archives&Subsection=Display&ARTICLE_ID=86890.

50. 50. Lakshmi Sandhana, ”The Drone Armies Are Coming,” Lakshmi Sandhana, ”The Drone Armies Are Coming,” Wired News Wired News, August 30, 2002, /news/technology/0,1282,54728,00.html. See also Mario Gerla, Kaixin Xu, and Allen Moshfegh, ”Minuteman: Forward Projection of Unmanned Agents Using the Airborne Internet,” IEEE Aeros.p.a.ce Conference 2002, Big Sky, Mont., March 2002: /news/news.jsp?id=ns99993661. Will Knight, ”Military Robots to Get Swarm Intelligence,” April 25, 2003, /news/news.jsp?id=ns99993661.

53. 53. Ibid. Ibid.

54. 54. S. R. White et al., ”Autonomic Healing of Polymer Composites,” S. R. White et al., ”Autonomic Healing of Polymer Composites,” Nature Nature 409 (February 15, 2001): 79497, , February 15, 2001, /article.cfm?articleID=000B307F-C71A-1C5AB882809EC588ED9F. 409 (February 15, 2001): 79497, , February 15, 2001, /article.cfm?articleID=000B307F-C71A-1C5AB882809EC588ED9F.

55. 55. Sue Baker, ”Predator Missile Launch Test Totally Successful,” Sue Baker, ”Predator Missile Launch Test Totally Successful,” Strategic Affairs Strategic Affairs, April 1, 2001, /issueApr-l/page02.htm.

56. 56. See the OpenCourseWare course list at ocw.mit.edu/index.html. See the OpenCourseWare course list at ocw.mit.edu/index.html.

57. 57. Brigitte Bouissou quoted on MIT OpenCourseWare's additional quotes page at ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Global/AboutOCW/additionalquotes.htm and Eric Bender, ”Teach Locally, Educate Globally,” Brigitte Bouissou quoted on MIT OpenCourseWare's additional quotes page at ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Global/AboutOCW/additionalquotes.htm and Eric Bender, ”Teach Locally, Educate Globally,” MIT Technology Review MIT Technology Review, June 2004, /articles/04/06/bender0604.asp?p=1.

58. 58. Kurzweil Educational Systems () provides the Kurzweil3000 reading system for people with dyslexia. It can read any book to the user while highlighting what is being read on a high-resolution image of the page. It incorporates a range of features to improve the reading skills of users. Kurzweil Educational Systems () provides the Kurzweil3000 reading system for people with dyslexia. It can read any book to the user while highlighting what is being read on a high-resolution image of the page. It incorporates a range of features to improve the reading skills of users.

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