Part 36 (1/2)

59. 59. As quoted by Natasha Vita-More, ”Arterati on Ideas,” 64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:QAnJsLcXHXUJ:/ideas/journal/previous/1998/02-01.html+Arterati+on+ideas&hl=en and /ideas/journal/previous/1998/02-01.html. As quoted by Natasha Vita-More, ”Arterati on Ideas,” 64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:QAnJsLcXHXUJ:/ideas/journal/previous/1998/02-01.html+Arterati+on+ideas&hl=en and /ideas/journal/previous/1998/02-01.html.

60. 60. Christine Boese, ”The Screen-Age: Our Brains in our Laptops,” CNN.com, August 2, 2004. Christine Boese, ”The Screen-Age: Our Brains in our Laptops,” CNN.com, August 2, 2004.

61. 61. Thomas Hobbes, Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan Leviathan (1651). (1651).

62. 62. Seth Lloyd and Y.Jack Ng, ”Black Hole Computers,” Seth Lloyd and Y.Jack Ng, ”Black Hole Computers,” Scientific American Scientific American, November 2004.

63. 63. Alan M. MacRobert, ”The Allen Telescope Array: SETI's Next Big Step,” Alan M. MacRobert, ”The Allen Telescope Array: SETI's Next Big Step,” Sky & Telescope Sky & Telescope, April 2004, skyandtelescope.com/printable/resources/seti/article_256.asp.

64. 64. Ibid. Ibid.

65. 65. Ibid. Ibid.

66. 66. C. H. Townes, ”At What Wavelength Should We Search for Signals from Extraterrestrial Intelligence?” C. H. Townes, ”At What Wavelength Should We Search for Signals from Extraterrestrial Intelligence?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 80 (1983): 114751. S. A. Kingsley in 80 (1983): 114751. S. A. Kingsley in The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence in the Optical Spectrum The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence in the Optical Spectrum, vol. 2, S. A. Kingsley and G. A. Lemarchand, eds. (1996) Proc. WPIE 2704: 10216.

67. 67. N. S. Kardashev, ”Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations,” N. S. Kardashev, ”Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations,” Soviet Astronomy Soviet Astronomy 8.2 (1964): 21720. Summarized in Guillermo A. Lemarchand, ”Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities,” 8.2 (1964): 21720. Summarized in Guillermo A. Lemarchand, ”Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities,” SETIQuest SETIQuest 1:1, pp. 313, /Mysterious/Topics/SETI/drake_equation.html. (May 1975): 8089. A Drake-equation calculator can be found at /Mysterious/Topics/SETI/drake_equation.html.

69. 69. Many of the descriptions of the Drake equation express Many of the descriptions of the Drake equation express f fL as the fraction of the planet's life during which radio transmission takes place, but this should properly be expressed as a fraction of the life of the universe, as we don't really care how long that planet has been around; rather, we care about the duration of the radio transmissions. as the fraction of the planet's life during which radio transmission takes place, but this should properly be expressed as a fraction of the life of the universe, as we don't really care how long that planet has been around; rather, we care about the duration of the radio transmissions.

70. 70. Seth Shostak provided ”an estimate of between 10,000 and one million radio transmitters in the galaxy.” Marcus Chown, ”ET First Contact 'Within 20 Years,' ” Seth Shostak provided ”an estimate of between 10,000 and one million radio transmitters in the galaxy.” Marcus Chown, ”ET First Contact 'Within 20 Years,' ” New Scientist New Scientist 183.2457 (July 24, 2004). Available online at /article.ns?id=dn6189. 183.2457 (July 24, 2004). Available online at /article.ns?id=dn6189.

71. 71. T. L. Wilson, ”The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,” T. L. Wilson, ”The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,” Nature Nature, February 22, 2001.

72. 72. Most recent estimates have been between ten and fifteen billion years. In 2002 estimates based on data from the Hubble s.p.a.ce Telescope were between thirteen and fourteen billion years. A study published by Case Western Reserve University scientist Lawrence Krauss and Dartmouth University's Brian Chaboyer applied recent findings on the evolution of stars and concluded that there was a 95 percent level of confidence that the age of the universe is between 11.2 and 20 billion years. Lawrence Krauss and Brian Chaboyer, ”Irion, the Milky Way's Restless Swarms of Stars,” Most recent estimates have been between ten and fifteen billion years. In 2002 estimates based on data from the Hubble s.p.a.ce Telescope were between thirteen and fourteen billion years. A study published by Case Western Reserve University scientist Lawrence Krauss and Dartmouth University's Brian Chaboyer applied recent findings on the evolution of stars and concluded that there was a 95 percent level of confidence that the age of the universe is between 11.2 and 20 billion years. Lawrence Krauss and Brian Chaboyer, ”Irion, the Milky Way's Restless Swarms of Stars,” Science Science 299 (January 3, 2003): 6062. Recent research from NASA has narrowed down the age of the universe to 13.7 billion years plus or minus 200 million, map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_mm/mr_age.html. 299 (January 3, 2003): 6062. Recent research from NASA has narrowed down the age of the universe to 13.7 billion years plus or minus 200 million, map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_mm/mr_age.html.

73. 73. Quoted in Eric M. Jones, ” 'Where Is Everybody?': An Account of Fermi's Question,” Los Alamos National Laboratories, March 1985, . There were 195.5 billion units of semiconductor chips s.h.i.+pped in 1994, 433.5 billion in 2004. Jim Feldhan, president, Semico Research Corporation, .

79. 79. Robert Freitas has been a leading advocate of using robotic probes, especially self-replicating ones. See Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”Interstellar Probes: A New Approach to SETI,” Robert Freitas has been a leading advocate of using robotic probes, especially self-replicating ones. See Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”Interstellar Probes: A New Approach to SETI,” J. British Interplanet. Soc. J. British Interplanet. Soc. 33 (March 1980): 95100, /Astro/lnterstellarProbesJBIS1980.htm; Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”A Self-Reproducing Interstellar Probe,” 33 (March 1980): 95100, /Astro/lnterstellarProbesJBIS1980.htm; Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”A Self-Reproducing Interstellar Probe,” J. British Interplanet. Soc. J. British Interplanet. Soc. 33 (July 1980): 25164, /Astro/ReproJBISJuly1980.htm; Francisco Valdes and Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”Comparison of Reproducing and Nonreproducing Starprobe Strategies for Galactic Exploration,” 33 (July 1980): 25164, /Astro/ReproJBISJuly1980.htm; Francisco Valdes and Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”Comparison of Reproducing and Nonreproducing Starprobe Strategies for Galactic Exploration,” J. British Interplanet. Soc. J. British Interplanet. Soc. 33 (November 1980): 4028, /Astro/ComparisonRep.r.o.nov1980.htm; Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”Debunking the Myths of Interstellar Probes,” 33 (November 1980): 4028, /Astro/ComparisonRep.r.o.nov1980.htm; Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”Debunking the Myths of Interstellar Probes,” AstroSearch AstroSearch 1 (JulyAugust 1983): 89, /Astro/ProbeMyths1983.htm; Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”The Case for Interstellar Probes,” 1 (JulyAugust 1983): 89, /Astro/ProbeMyths1983.htm; Robert A. Freitas Jr., ”The Case for Interstellar Probes,” J. British Interplanet. Soc. J. British Interplanet. Soc. 36 (November 1983): 49095, /Astro/TheCaseForInterstellarProbes1983.htm. 36 (November 1983): 49095, /Astro/TheCaseForInterstellarProbes1983.htm.

80. 80. M. Stenner et al., ”The Speed of Information in a 'Fast-Light' Optical Medium,” M. Stenner et al., ”The Speed of Information in a 'Fast-Light' Optical Medium,” Nature Nature 425 (October 16, 2003): 69598. See also Raymond Y. Chiao et al., ”Superluminal and Parelectric Effects in Rubidium Vapor and Ammonia Gas,” 425 (October 16, 2003): 69598. See also Raymond Y. Chiao et al., ”Superluminal and Parelectric Effects in Rubidium Vapor and Ammonia Gas,” Quantum and Semicla.s.sical Optics Quantum and Semicla.s.sical Optics 7 (1995): 279. 7 (1995): 279.

81. 81. I. Marcikic et al., ”Long-Distance Teleportation of Qubits at Telecommunication Wavelengths,” I. Marcikic et al., ”Long-Distance Teleportation of Qubits at Telecommunication Wavelengths,” Nature Nature 421 (January 2003): 50913; John Roach, ”Physicists Teleport Quantum Bits over Long Distance,” 421 (January 2003): 50913; John Roach, ”Physicists Teleport Quantum Bits over Long Distance,” National Geographic News National Geographic News, January 29, 2003; Herb Brody, ”Quantum Cryptography; in ”10 Emerging Technologies That Will Change the World,” MIT Technology Review MIT Technology Review, February 2003; N. Gisin et al., ”Quantum Correlations with Moving Observers,” Quantum Optics Quantum Optics (December 2003): 51; Quantum Cryptography exhibit, ITU Telecom World 2003, Geneva, Switzerland, October 1, 2003; Sora Song, ”The Quantum Leaper,” (December 2003): 51; Quantum Cryptography exhibit, ITU Telecom World 2003, Geneva, Switzerland, October 1, 2003; Sora Song, ”The Quantum Leaper,” Time Time, March 15, 2004; Mark Buchanan, ”Light's Spooky Connections SetNew Distance Record,” New Scientist New Scientist, June 28, 1997.

82. 82. Charles H. Lineweaver and Tamara M. Davis, ”Misconceptions About the Big Bang,” Charles H. Lineweaver and Tamara M. Davis, ”Misconceptions About the Big Bang,” Scientific American Scientific American, March 2005.

83. 83. A. Einstein and N. Rosen, ”The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity,” A. Einstein and N. Rosen, ”The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity,” Physical Review Physical Review 48 (1935): 73. 48 (1935): 73.

84. 84. J. A. Wheeler, ”Geons,” J. A. Wheeler, ”Geons,” Physical Review Physical Review 97 (1955): 51136. 97 (1955): 51136.

85. 85. M. S. Morris, K. S. Thorne, and U. Yurtsever, ”Wormholes, Time Machines, and the Weak Energy Condition,” M. S. Morris, K. S. Thorne, and U. Yurtsever, ”Wormholes, Time Machines, and the Weak Energy Condition,” Physical Review Letters Physical Review Letters 61.13 (September 26, 1988): 144649; M. S. Morris and K. S. Thorne, ”Wormholes in s.p.a.cetime and Their Use for Interstellar Travel: A Tool for Teaching General Relativity,” 61.13 (September 26, 1988): 144649; M. S. Morris and K. S. Thorne, ”Wormholes in s.p.a.cetime and Their Use for Interstellar Travel: A Tool for Teaching General Relativity,” American Journal of Physics American Journal of Physics 56.5 (1988): 395412. 56.5 (1988): 395412.

86. 86. M. Visser, ”Wormholes, Baby Universes, and Causality,” M. Visser, ”Wormholes, Baby Universes, and Causality,” Physical Review D Physical Review D 41.4 (February 15, 1990): 111624. 41.4 (February 15, 1990): 111624.

87. 87. Sandberg, ”Physics of Information Processing Superobjects.” Sandberg, ”Physics of Information Processing Superobjects.”

88. 88. David Hochberg and Thomas W. Kephart, ”Wormhole Cosmology and the Horizon Problem,” David Hochberg and Thomas W. Kephart, ”Wormhole Cosmology and the Horizon Problem,” Physical Review Letters Physical Review Letters 70 (1993): 266568, prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v70/i18/p2665_1; D. Hochberg and M. Visser, ”Geometric Structure of the Generic Static Transversable Wormhole Throat,” 70 (1993): 266568, prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v70/i18/p2665_1; D. Hochberg and M. Visser, ”Geometric Structure of the Generic Static Transversable Wormhole Throat,” Physical Review D Physical Review D 56 (1997): 4745. 56 (1997): 4745.

89. 89. J. K. Webb et al., ”Further Evidence for Cosmological Evolution of the Fine Structure Constant,” J. K. Webb et al., ”Further Evidence for Cosmological Evolution of the Fine Structure Constant,” Physical Review Letters Physical Review Letters 87.9 (August 27, 2001): 091301; ”When Constants Are Not Constant,” 87.9 (August 27, 2001): 091301; ”When Constants Are Not Constant,” Physics in Action Physics in Action (October 2001), physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/10/4. (October 2001), physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/10/4.

90. 90. Joao Magueijo, John D. Barrow, and Haavard Bunes Sandvik, ”Is It e or Is It c? Experimental Tests of Varying Alpha,” Joao Magueijo, John D. Barrow, and Haavard Bunes Sandvik, ”Is It e or Is It c? Experimental Tests of Varying Alpha,” Physical Letters B Physical Letters B 549 (2002): 28489. 549 (2002): 28489.

91. 91. John Smart, ”Answering the Fermi Paradox: Exploring the Mechanisms ofUniversal Transcension,” /Smart-Fermi.htm. See also singuIaritywatch.com and his biography at /bio_johnsmart.html. John Smart, ”Answering the Fermi Paradox: Exploring the Mechanisms ofUniversal Transcension,” /Smart-Fermi.htm. See also singuIaritywatch.com and his biography at /bio_johnsmart.html.

92. 92. James N. Gardner, James N. Gardner, Biocosm: The New Scientific Theory of Evolution: Intelligent Life Is the Architect of the Universe Biocosm: The New Scientific Theory of Evolution: Intelligent Life Is the Architect of the Universe (Maui: Inner Ocean, 2003). (Maui: Inner Ocean, 2003).

93. 93. Lee Smolin in ”Smolin vs. Susskind: The Anthropic Principle,” Lee Smolin in ”Smolin vs. Susskind: The Anthropic Principle,” Edge Edge 145, puted the total energy in the universe. Dividing this figure by the Planck constant, he got about 10 To arrive at those estimates Lloyd took the observed density of matter-about one hydrogen atom per cubic meter-and computed the total energy in the universe. Dividing this figure by the Planck constant, he got about 1090 cps. Seth Lloyd, ”Ultimate Physical Limits to Computation,” cps. Seth Lloyd, ”Ultimate Physical Limits to Computation,” Nature Nature 406.6799 (August 31, 2000): 104754. Electronic versions (version 3 dated February 14, 2000) available at arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043 (August 31, 2000). The following link requires a payment to access: /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v406/n6799/full/4061047a0_fs.html&content_filetype=PDF. 406.6799 (August 31, 2000): 104754. Electronic versions (version 3 dated February 14, 2000) available at arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043 (August 31, 2000). The following link requires a payment to access: /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v406/n6799/full/4061047a0_fs.html&content_filetype=PDF.

99. 99. Jacob D. Bekenstein, ”Information in the Holographic Universe: Theoretical Results about Black Holes Suggest That the Universe Could Be Like a Gigantic Hologram,” Jacob D. Bekenstein, ”Information in the Holographic Universe: Theoretical Results about Black Holes Suggest That the Universe Could Be Like a Gigantic Hologram,” Scientific American Scientific American 289.2 (August 2003): 5865, /article.cfm?articleID=000AF072-4891-1F0A-97AE80A84189EEDF. 289.2 (August 2003): 5865, /article.cfm?articleID=000AF072-4891-1F0A-97AE80A84189EEDF.

Chapter Seven: Ich bin ein Singularitarian Ich bin ein Singularitarian 1. 1. In Jay W. Richards et al., In Jay W. Richards et al., Are We Spiritual Machines? Ray Kurzweil vs. the Critics of Strong A.I. Are We Spiritual Machines? Ray Kurzweil vs. the Critics of Strong A.I. (Seattle: Discovery Inst.i.tute, 2002), introduction, /wired/archive/8.12/lanier.html.