Part 35 (1/2)

186. 186. Jason Lohn quoted in NASA news release ”NASA 'Evolutionary' Software Automatically Designs Antenna,” /businesstechnology/technology/automated_astronomy_030604.html. Robert Roy Britt, ”Automatic Astronomy: New Robotic Telescopes See and Think,” June 4, 2003, /businesstechnology/technology/automated_astronomy_030604.html.

188. 188. H. Keith Melton, ”Spies in the Digital Age,” /SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/spies/melton.essay. H. Keith Melton, ”Spies in the Digital Age,” /SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/spies/melton.essay.

189. 189. ”United Therapeutics (UT) is a biotechnology company focused on developing chronic therapies for life-threatening conditions in three therapeutic areas: cardiovascular, oncology and infectious diseases” (). Kurzweil Technologies is working with UT to develop pattern recognition-based a.n.a.lysis from either ”Holter” monitoring (twenty-four-hour recordings) or ”Event” monitoring (thirty days or more). ”United Therapeutics (UT) is a biotechnology company focused on developing chronic therapies for life-threatening conditions in three therapeutic areas: cardiovascular, oncology and infectious diseases” (). Kurzweil Technologies is working with UT to develop pattern recognition-based a.n.a.lysis from either ”Holter” monitoring (twenty-four-hour recordings) or ”Event” monitoring (thirty days or more).

190. 190. Kristen Philipkoski, ”A Map That Maps Gene Functions,” Kristen Philipkoski, ”A Map That Maps Gene Functions,” Wired News Wired News, May 28, 2002, /news/medtech/0,1286,52723,00.html.

191. 191. Jennifer Ouellette, ”Bioinformatics Moves into the Mainstream,” Jennifer Ouellette, ”Bioinformatics Moves into the Mainstream,” The Industrial Physicist The Industrial Physicist (OctoberNovember 2003), /bioinformatics.pdf. (OctoberNovember 2003), /bioinformatics.pdf.

192. 192. Port, Arndt, and Carey, ”Smart Tools.” Port, Arndt, and Carey, ”Smart Tools.”

193. 193. ”Protein Patterns in Blood May Predict Prostate Cancer Diagnosis,” National Cancer Inst.i.tute, October 15, 2002, /content/Article/56/65831.htm; Emanuel F. Petricoin III et al., ”Use of Proteomic Patterns in Serum to Identify Ovarian Cancer,” Charlene Laino, ”New Blood Test Spots Cancer,” December 13, 2002, my.webmd.com/content/Article/56/65831.htm; Emanuel F. Petricoin III et al., ”Use of Proteomic Patterns in Serum to Identify Ovarian Cancer,” Lancet Lancet 359.9306 (February 16, 2002): 57277. 359.9306 (February 16, 2002): 57277.

195. 195. For information of TriPath's FocalPoint, see ”Make a Diagnosis,” For information of TriPath's FocalPoint, see ”Make a Diagnosis,” Wired Wired, October 2003, /wired/archive/10.03/everywhere.html?pg=5. Mark Hagland, ”Doctors' Orders,” January 2003, /issues/2003/01_03/cpoe.htm.

196. 196. Ross D. King et al., ”Functional Genomic Hypothesis Generation and Experimentation by a Robot Scientist,” Ross D. King et al., ”Functional Genomic Hypothesis Generation and Experimentation by a Robot Scientist,” Nature Nature 427 (January 15,2004): 24752. 427 (January 15,2004): 24752.

197. 197. Port, Arndt, and Carey, ”Smart Tools.” Port, Arndt, and Carey, ”Smart Tools.”

198. 198. ”Future Route Releases AI-Based Fraud Detection Product,” August 18, 2004, /fullstory.asp?id=12365. ”Future Route Releases AI-Based Fraud Detection Product,” August 18, 2004, /fullstory.asp?id=12365.

199. 199. John Hackett, ”Computers Are Learning the Business,” John Hackett, ”Computers Are Learning the Business,” CollectionsWorld CollectionsWorld, April 24, 2001, /news/042401_2.htm.

200. 200. ”Innovative Use of Artificial Intelligence, Monitoring NASDAQ for Potential Insider Trading and Fraud,” AAAI press release, July 30, 2003, /wired/ rchive/10.03/everywhere.html?pg=2.

202. 202. ”Introduction to Artificial Intelligence,” EL 629, Maxwell Air Force Base, Air University Library course,Salon.com, July 12,2004, /tech/feature/2004/07/12/self_healing_computing/index_np.html.

203. 203. See . Disclosure: The author is an investor in Seegrid and a member of its board of directors. See . Disclosure: The author is an investor in Seegrid and a member of its board of directors.

204. 204. No Hands Across America Web site, cart.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/project.archive/reference.file/nhaa.html, and ”Carnegie Mellon Researchers Will Prove Autonomous Driving Technologies During a 3,000 Mile, Hands-off-the-Wheel Trip from Pittsburgh to San Diego,” Carnegie Mellon press release, /insight/01/09/col-2-pt-1-ClickCulture.htm. No Hands Across America Web site, cart.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/project.archive/reference.file/nhaa.html, and ”Carnegie Mellon Researchers Will Prove Autonomous Driving Technologies During a 3,000 Mile, Hands-off-the-Wheel Trip from Pittsburgh to San Diego,” Carnegie Mellon press release, /insight/01/09/col-2-pt-1-ClickCulture.htm.

205. 205. ”Search and Rescue Robots,” a.s.sociated Press, September 3, 2004, .au/articles/2004/09/02/1093939058792.html?oneclick=true. ”Search and Rescue Robots,” a.s.sociated Press, September 3, 2004, .au/articles/2004/09/02/1093939058792.html?oneclick=true.

206. 206. ”From Factoids to Facts,” ”From Factoids to Facts,” Economist Economist, August 26, 2004, /science/displayStory.cfm?story _id=3127462.

207. 207. Joe McCool, ”Voice Recognition, It Pays to Talk,” May 2003, /news/autotech/0,2554,64809,00.html?tw=wn_14techhead.

209. 209. ”Computer Language Translation System Romances the Rosetta Stone,” Information Sciences Inst.i.tute, USC School of Engineering (July 24, 2003), /issues/aug-03/departments/feattech/. 24.8 (August 2003), /issues/aug-03/departments/feattech/.

211. 211. ”Let Software Catch the Game for You,” July 3, 2004, /news/news.jsp?id=ns99996097. ”Let Software Catch the Game for You,” July 3, 2004, /news/news.jsp?id=ns99996097.

212. 212. Mich.e.l.le Delio, ”Breeding Race Cars to Win,” Mich.e.l.le Delio, ”Breeding Race Cars to Win,” Wired News Wired News, June 18, 2004, /news/autotech/0,2554,63900,00.html.

213. 213. Marvin Minsky, Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind The Society of Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988). (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988).

214. 214. Hans Moravec, ”When Will Computer Hardware Match the Human Brain?” Hans Moravec, ”When Will Computer Hardware Match the Human Brain?” Journal of Evolution and Technology Journal of Evolution and Technology 1 (1998). 1 (1998).

215. 215. Ray Kurzweil, Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines The Age of Spiritual Machines (New York: Viking, 1999), p. 156. (New York: Viking, 1999), p. 156.

216. 216. See chapter 2, notes 22 and 23, on the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. See chapter 2, notes 22 and 23, on the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.

217. 217. ”The First Turing Test,” prising thirteen genes in humans) were originally independent bacteria (that is, not part of another cell) similar to the Daptobacter bacteria of today. ”Serial Endosymbiosis Theory,” encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Serial%20endosymbiosis%20theory. According to the serial endosymbiosis theory of eukaryotic evolution, the ancestors of mitochondria (the structures in cells that produce energy and have their own genetic code comprising thirteen genes in humans) were originally independent bacteria (that is, not part of another cell) similar to the Daptobacter bacteria of today. ”Serial Endosymbiosis Theory,” encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Serial%20endosymbiosis%20theory.

Chapter Six: The Impact . . .

1. 1. Donovan, ”Season of the Witch,” Donovan, ”Season of the Witch,” Suns.h.i.+ne Superman Suns.h.i.+ne Superman (1966). (1966).

2. 2. Reasons for the reduction in farm workforce include the mechanization that lessened the need for animal and human labor, the economic opportunities that were created in urban areas during World War II, and the development of intensive farming techniques that required less land for comparable yields. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Trends in U.S. Agriculture, parable yields. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Trends in U.S. Agriculture, /item.asp?ch=e4_home&type=Features&id=42543.