Part 8 (2/2)

As agriculture was the principal labor in that early state of society e must suppose most of our Aryan words to have been fors, we inally nify labor in general The general tendency in the growth of words and their ubernare_, which originally_To equip_, which originally was to furnish a shi+p (French _equiper_ and _esquif_, froeneral Now in modern German, _arbeit_ means simply _labor_; _arbeitsam_ means industrious In Gothic, too, _arbais_ is only used to express labor and trouble in general But in Old Norse, _erfidhi_ eneral; and the salo-Saxon, _earfodh_ or _earfedhe_, is labor Of course weone who labors in general, caricultural laborer, so _arbeit_, froeneral, ca But as the root of _erfidhi_ seems to be _ar_, our first explanation is the more plausible Besides, the si and labor, and the Old High-Ger(258)

?????a and _arvum_, a field, would certainly have to be referred to the root _ar_, to plough And as ploughing was not only one of the earliest kinds of labor, but also one of the most primitive arts, I have no doubt that the Latin _ars_, _artis_, and our oord _art_, ht tothe land In Old High-Gerlo-Saxon _aerend_, inally have lish _errand_, and _errand-boy_, the same word is still in existence

But _ar_ did not only h, or to cut open the land; it was transferred at a very early ti

Thus Shakspeare says:-

”Make the sea serve them; which they _ear_ and wound With keels”

In a similar manner, we find that Sanskrit derives froh, but in the sense of a rudder In Anglo-Saxon we find the sih-share of the water The Greek also had used the root _ar_ in the sense of rowing; for ???t??(259) in Greek is a rower, and their word t??-??-??, inally a shi+p with three oars, or with three rows of oars,(260) a trire is of frequent occurrence in ancient languages The English word _plough_, the Slavonic _ploug_, has been identified with the Sanskrit _plava_,(261) a shi+p, and with the Greek _ploion_, shi+p As the Aryans spoke of a shi+p ploughing the sea, they also spoke of a plough sailing across the field; and thus it was that the salish dialects, _plough_ or _plow_ is still used in the general sense of waggon or conveyance(263)

We ht follow the offshoots of this root _ar_ still further, but the nues will suffice to shohat is meant by a predicative root In all these words _ar_ is the radical element, all the rest is merely formative The root _ar_ is called a predicative root, because in whatever composition it enters, it predicates one and the sah, or the rudder, or the ox, or the field Even in such a word as _artistic_, the predicative power of the root _ar_ h, of course, as it were by means of a powerful telescope only The Brahmans who called thein of this naricultural labor, than the artist who now speaks of _his art_ as a divine inspiration suspects that the hich he uses was originally applicable only to so pri

We shall now examine another family of words, in order to see by what process the radical elements of words were first discovered

Let us take the word _respectable_ It is a word of Latin not of Saxon, origin, as we see by the teruish the verb _respectare_ and the termination _bilis_ We then separate the prefix _re_, which leaves _spectare_, and we trace _spectare_ as a participial for to see, to look In _specere_, again, we distinguish between the changeable tereable remnant _spec_, which we call the root This root we expect to find in Sanskrit and the other Aryan languages; and so we do In Sanskrit the more usual form is _pas_, to see, without the _s_; but _spas_ also is found in _spasa_, a spy, in _spash?a_ (in _vi-spash?a_), clear, uardian

In the Teutonic fa to look, to spy, to contelish spy(264) In Greek, the root _spek_ has been changed into _skep_, which exists in _skeptomai_, I look, I examine; froical language, a sceptic; and _episkopos_, an overseer, a bishop

Let us now exa with _respectable_, we found that it originally_looking back_ We pass by co theain at those which deserve our adinalof _respect_ and _respectable_, nor need we be surprised at this if we consider that _noble_, _nobilis_ in Latin, conveyed originally no more than the idea of a person that deserves to be known; for _nobilis_ stands for _gnobilis_, just as _nonatus_

”With respect to” has now become almost a mere preposition For if we say, ”With respect to this point I have no more to say,” this is the saain, as in looking back we single out a person, the adjective _respective_, and the adverb _respectively_, are used allish _respite_ is the Norman modification of _respectus_, the French _repit_ _Repit_the whole evidence A criminal received so many days _ad respectum_, to re-examine the case Afterwards it was said that the prisoner had received a respit, that is to say, had obtained a re-examination; and at last a verb was formed, and it was said that a person had been respited

As _specere_, to see, with the preposition _re_, came to mean respect, so with the preposition _de_, down, it forlish _despise_ The French _depit_ (Old French _despit_) h it is the Latin _despectus_, but rather _anger_, _vexation_ _Se depiter_ is to be vexed, to fret ”_En depit de lui_” is originally ”angry with hilish _spite_, _in spite of_, _spiteful_, are mere abbreviations of _despite_, _in despite of_, _despiteful_, and have nothing whatever to do with the spitting of cats

As _de_ means down from above, so _sub_ ives us _suspicere_, _suspicari_, to look up, in the sense of to suspect(265) From it _suspicion_, _suspicious_; and likewise the French _soupcon_, even in such phrases as ”there is a soupcon of chicory in this coffee,”just a touch, just the smallest atom of chicory

As _circum_ means round about, so _circumspect_into, _specere_ forms _inspicere_, to inspect; hence _inspector_, _inspection_

With _ad_, towards, _specere_ beco

Hence _adspectus_, the aspect, the look or appearance of things

So with _pro_, forward, _specere_ becaave rise to such words as _prospectus_, as it were a look out, _prospective_, &c With _con_, with, _spicere_ forether, _conspectus_, _conspicuous_ We saw before in _respectable_, that a neord _spectare_ is formed from the participle of _spicere_ This, with the preposition _ex_, out, gives us the Latin _expectare_, the English _to expect_, to look out; with its derivatives

_Auspicious_ is another hich contains our root as the second of its component elements The Latin _auspiciu out for certain birds which were considered to be of good or bad omen to the success of any public or private act Hence _auspicious_, in the sense of lucky _Haru-spex_ was the naiven to a person who foretold the future froain, frolass, or any other lish _to speculate_, _speculative_, &c