Part 8 (1/2)

The modern name of Iran for Persia still keeps up the memory of this ancient title

In the name of _Armenia_ the same element of _Arya_ has been supposed to exist(236) The name of Armenia, however, does not occur in Zend, and the name _Armina_, which is used for Ary(237) In the language of Armenia, _ari_ is used in the widest sense for Aryan or Iranian; it means also brave, and is applied more especially to the Medians(238) The word _arya_, therefore, though not contained in the name of Are as a national and honorable name

West of Armenia, on the borders of the Caspian Sea, we find the ancient nahovan_, and as _gh_ in Armenian stands for _r_ or _l_, it has been conjectured by Bore, that in _Aghovan_ also the name of Aria is contained This seems doubtful But in the valleys of the Caucasus we e, the _Os_ of _Ossethi_, and they call the the Caspian, and in the country washed by the Oxus and Yaxartes, Aryan and non-Aryan tribes were h the relation between Aryans and Turanians is hostile, and though there were continual wars between thereat Persian epic, the Shahnameh, it does not follow that all the nomad races who infested the settlements of the Aryans, were of Tatar blood and speech Turvasa and his descendants, who represent the Turanians, are described in the later epic poems of India as cursed and deprived of their inheritance in India But in the Vedas Turvasa is represented as worshi+pping Aryan Gods Even in the Shahnaainst Iran, very ainst Rome We may thus understand why so many Turanian or Scythian names, mentioned by Greek writers, should show evident traces of Aryan origin _Aspa_ was the Persian name for _horse_, and in the Scythian names _Aspabota_, _Aspakara_, and _Asparatha_,(240) we can hardly fail to recognize the same element Even the name of the Aspasian mountains, placed by Ptolein Nor is the word Arya unknown beyond the Oxus There is a people called _Ariac_,(241) another called _Antariani_(242) A king of the Scythians, at the time of Darius, was called _Ariantes_ A cotemporary of Xerxes is known by the name of _Aripithes_ (_ie_ Sanskrit, _aryapati_; Zend, _airyapaiti_); and _Spargapithes_ seeapati_, lord of heaven

We have thus traced the name of _arya_ from India to the west, from aryavarta to Ariana, Persia, Media, more doubtfully to Armenia and Albania, to the Iron in the Caucasus, and to some of the nomad tribes in Transoxiana As we approach Europe the traces of this naether lost

Two roads were open to the Aryans of Asia in their ard h Chorasan(243) to the north, through what is now called Russia, and thence to the shores of the Black Sea and Thrace Another from Armenia, across the Caucasus or across the Black Sea to Northern Greece, and along the Danube to Germany Now on the forration in the old name of Thrace which was _Aria_;(244) on the latter we meet in the eastern part of Germany, near the Vistula, with a German tribe called _Arii_ And as in Persia we found redient, so we find again in Gerh we look in vain for any traces of this old national na the Greeks and Romans, late researches have rendered it at least plausible that it has been preserved in the extrerations, in the very nay of _Erin_ is that it means ”island of the west,” _iar-innis_, or land of the west, _iar-in_

But this is clearly wrong(246) The old name is _eriu_ in the nominative, more recently _eire_ It is only in the oblique cases that the final _n_ appears, as in _regio_, _regionis_ _Erin_ therefore has been explained as a derivative of _Er_ or _Eri_, said to be the ancient nalo-Saxon name of their country, _iraland_(247) It is h denied by others, that _er_ is used in Irish in the sense of noble, like the Sanskrit _arya_(248)

So the ancient name of the Aryan family, may seem doubtful, and I have pointed outthe earliest name of India with the modern name of Ireland, as weaker than the rest But the principal links are safe Names of countries, peoples, rivers, and mountains, have an extraordinary vitality, and they will redoms, and nations pass away _Rome_ has the saiven to it by the earliest Latin and Sabine settlers, and wherever we find the name of Rome, whether in Wallachia, which by the inhabitants is called Rumania, or in the dialects of the Grisons, the Roes, we know that some threads would lead us back to the Rohold of the earliest warriors of Latium The ruined city near the mouth of the Upper Zab, now usually known by the naraphers, and in Athur we recognize the old na that the barbarians changed the Sigma into Tau assyria is called Athura, in the inscriptions of Darius(249) We hear of battles fought on the _Sutledge_, and we hardly think that the battle field of the Sikhs was nearly the sas of the Penjab But the nae_ is the name of the same river as the _Hesudrus_ of Alexander, the _Satadru_ of the Indians, and a the oldest hy referring to a battle fought on the two banks of the sa to ht that the Arii of Tacitus were originally Harii, and that their name is not connected with arya But the evidence on either side being merely conjectural, this must remain an open question In most cases, however, a strict observation of the phonetic laws peculiar to each language will remove all uncertainty Griined that _Hariva_, the name of _Herat_ in the cuneiform inscriptions, is connected with Arii, the naives to the Medes This cannot be, for the initial aspiration in _Hariva_ points to a hich in Sanskrit begins with _s_, and not with a vowel, like _arya_ The following remarks will make this clearer

Herat is called _Herat_ and _Heri_,(250) and the river on which it stands is called _Heri-rud_ This river _Heri_ is called by Ptolemy ??e?a?,(251) by other writers _Arius_; and _Aria_ is the naiven to the country between Parthia (Parthuwa) in the west, Margiana (Marghush) in the north, Bactria (Bakhtrish) and Arachosia (Harauwatish) in the east, and Drangiana (Zaraka) in the south This, however, though without the initial _h_, is not Ariana, as described by Strabo, but an independent country, for part of it It is supposed to be the same as the _Haraiva_ (Hariva) of the cuneiforh this is doubtful But it is mentioned in the Zend-avesta, under the name of _Haroyu_,(252) as the sixth country created by Ormuzd We can trace this name with the initial _h_ even beyond the time of Zoroaster The Zoroastrians were a colony froether for a tis have been preserved to us in the Veda A schisrated ard to Arachosia and Persia In their rations they did what the Greeks did when they founded new colonies, what the Aave to the new cities and to the rivers along which they settled, the na them of the localities which they had left Now, as a Persian _h_ points to a Sanskrit _s_, _Haroyu_ would be in Sanskrit _Saroyu_ One of the sacred rivers of India, a river mentioned in the Veda, and famous in the epic poems as the river of Ayodhya, one of the earliest capitals of India, the modern Oude, has the name of _Sarayu_, the y has thus traced the ancient nainal title assumed by the Aryans before they left their common home, it is but natural that it should have been chosen as the technical ternated as Indo-Germanic, Indo-European, Caucasian, or japhetic

LECTURE VII THE CONStitUENT ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE

Our analysis of some of the nominal and verbal formations in the Aryan or Indo-European faht us that, however raht, they are in reality the result of a very simple process It seems at first almost hopeless to ask such questions as why the addition of a e love present into love past, or why the termination _ai_ in French, if added to _aimer_, should convey the idea of love to coraramible aspect We sahatcall ter with the words which they were intended to radually reduced toin the their former power and independence by theof the words to which they are appended The true nature of grammatical terminations was first pointed out by a philosopher, who, however wild solie, I mean _Horne Tooke_

This is what he writes of terood reasons to believe that all terin; and that, however artificial they inally the effect of preth of ti with the words of which they are now considered as the terminations Yet this was less likely to be suspected by others

And if it had been suspected, they would have had h a road es is ofthan in ours, and htly what road should be followed to track the origin of grammatical terminations, was himself without the means to reach his journey's end Most of his explanations are quite untenable, and it is curious to observe in reading his book, the Diversions of Purley, how aaccording to sound and correct principles, e of facts, arrive at conclusions directly opposed to truth

When we have once seen how gra to independent words, we have learnt at the sae, which rerammatical analysis, are of two kinds, namely, _Roots predicative_ and _Roots demonstrative_

We call _root_ or _radical_, whatever, in the words of any language or fainal form

It may be well to illustrate this by a few exa a nu them back to their coin with a root which has been discovered, and follow it through its wanderings froe I take the root AR, to which I alluded in our last Lecture as the source of the word _Arya_, and we shall thus, while exa its ramification, learn at the saricultural nomads, the ancestors of the Aryan race

This root AR(255) h_, to open the soil From it we have the Latin _ar-are_, the Greek _ar-oun_, the Irish _ar_, the Lithuanian _ar-ti_, the Russian _ora-ti_, the Gothic _ar-jan_, the Anglo-Saxon _er-jan_, the lish _to ear_ Shakespeare says (Richard II III

2), ”to ear the land that has sorow”

Froh, or the instru: in Latin, _ara-trum_; in Greek, _aro-tron_; in Bohemian, _oradto_; in Lithuanian, _arklas_; in Cornish, _aradar_; in Welsh, _arad_;(256) in Old Norse, _ardhr_ In Old Norse, however, _ardhr_, s or wealth; the plough being, in early times, the most essential possession of the peasant In the same manner the Latin name for money, _pecunia_, was derived from _pecus_, cattle; the word _fee_, which is now restricted to the paylish _feh_, and in Anglo-Saxon _feoh_,cattle and wealth; for _feoh_, and Gothic _faihu_, are really the same word as the Latin _pecus_, theis called _aratio_ in Latin; _arosis_ in Greek: and I believe that _aroin; for what is sweeter or hed field? In Genesis, xxviii 27, Jacob says ”the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which the Lord has blessed”

A more primitive formation of the root _ar_ seems to be the Greek _era_, earth, the Sanskrit _ira_, the Old High-Gerinally the ploughed land, afterwards earth in general Even the word _earth_, the Gothic _airtha_,(257) the Anglo-Saxon _eorthe_, hed or cultivated land The derivative _ar-mentum_, formed like _ju-mentum_, would naturally have been applied to any ani and other labor in the field, whether ox or horse