Part 84 (1/2)

[4] It is the great th of England is in part due to its wonderful les, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, Northmen, to mention only the ether to forlish people

[5] Athens, however, perners to attend its schools, particularly in the later period of Athenian education

[6] ”When I compare the customs of the Greeks with these (the Romans), I can find no reason to extol either those of the Spartans, or the Thebans, or even of the Athenians, who value themselves the most for their wisdo to none or to very few the privileges of their citieswere so far frohtiness that they becareatest sufferers by it” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in his _Roman Antiquities_ book II, chap XVII)

[7] In Sparta the number of citizens was still less At the tius (about 850 BC) there were but 9000 Spartan families in the midst of 250,000 subject people

This disproportion increased rather than diyar coether and doarian Eh on a er scale

[9] Two Greek poems illustrate the Spartan mother, as said to admonish her sons to come back with their shi+elds, or upon theht sons Daeht: one tomb received them all

No tears she shed, but shouted, 'Victory!

Sparta, I bore them but to die for thee'”

The second:

”A Spartan, his co with disdain That she had borne hie and not birth alone

In Sparta testifies a son”

”Go, tell at Sparta, thou that passest by, That here, obedient to her lae lie”

(Epitaph on the three hundred who fell at Ther, of a , was: ”Either he is dead or has become a schoolmaster” To call ato Epicurus Demosthenes, in his attack on Aeschines, ridicules him for the fact that his father was a school school ”As a boy,” he says, ”you were reared in abject poverty, waiting with your father on the school, grinding the ink, sponging the benches, sweeping the roo the duty of a s as being forced to

[11] Woes of citizenshi+p, belonging rather to the alien class They lived secluded lives, were not supposed to take any part in public affairs, and, if their husbands brought company to the house, they were expected to retire from view In their attitude toomen the Greeks were an oriental rather than a modern or western people

[12] ”We learn first the narammata_; then their shape and functions; then the syllables and their affections; lastly, the parts of speech, and the particular mutations connected with each, as inflection, number, contraction, accents, position in the sentence; then we begin to read and write, at first in syllables and slowly, but e have attained the necessary certainty, easily and quickly” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, _De Coments of a tile found in Attica have staer_; etc A bottle-shaped vase has also been found which, in addition to the alphabet, contains pronouncing exercises as follows:

bi-ba-bu-be zi-za-zu-ze pi-pa-pu-pe gi-ga-gu-geto read must have been a difficult business in hellas, for books ritten only in capitals at this time There were no spaces between the words, and no stops were inserted Thus the reader had to exercise his ingenuity before he could arrive at theof a sentence” (Freeman, K J, _Schools of hellas_, p 87)

[15] The Greeks had no numbers, but only words for numbers, and used the letters of the Greek alphabet with accents over the and bookkeeping would of course be very difficult with such a system

[16] ”These poenis, served at the sae and for recitation, whereby on the one hand the thened, and on the other the heroic for raved on the young arded not reat portions of his poems were learned by heart The Iliad and the Odyssey were in truth the Bible of the Greeks”

(Laurie, S S, _Pre-Christian Education_, p 258)

[17] Davidson, Thos, _Aristotle_, pp 73-75

[18] Plutarch later expressed well the Greek conception of ive his mind to the study of music in his youth, if he ulating his inclinations, he will be sure to applaud and eenerous, and to rebuke and blas to music

And by that means he will beco reaped the noblest fruit of reat use, not only to himself, but to the co that is indecent, both in word and deed, and to observe decoruularity” (Monroe, Paul, _History of Education_, p 92)

[19] A flat circle of polished bronze, or other ht or nine inches in diameter

[20] ”There were no home influences in hellas TheAthenian from his sixth year onward spent his whole day away from home, in the company of his contemporaries, at school or palaestra, or in the streets When he came home there was no ho in the woman's apartments; he probably saw little of her His real home was the palaestra, his coos_ He learned to disassociate himself from his family and associate himself with his fellow citizens No doubt he lost ained”

(Freeman, K J, _Schools of hellas_, p 282)