Part 19 (1/2)

_F_, part of the inflorescence of spikenard, _Aralia_ (_Araliaceae_), 1 _G_, a single flower of the same, 3 _H_, the fruit, 2 _I_, cross-section of the _H_ _J_, inflorescence of dogwood, _Cornus_ (_Corneae_) The cluster of flowers is surrounded by four white bracts (_b_), ? _K_, a single flower of the sa fruit of another species (_Cornus stolonifera_) (red osier), 2 _N_, cross-section of _M_]

The last and highest group of the _Choripetalae_, the _Calyciflorae_, ee of faht orders and thirty-two farows up around the ovary, carrying the outer floral leaves above it, and the ovary appears at the bottoe the other parts of the flower are arranged Sorown to the base of the cup or tube, and thus looks as if it were outside the flower Such an ovary is said to be ”inferior”

in distinction from one that is entirely free from the tube, and thus is evidently within the flower The latter is the so-called ”superior”

ovary The carpels are usually united into a co 111, _E_), or strawberry (Fig 114, _C_)

The first order of the _Calyciflorae_ (_Ued in u from a common point The ovary is inferior, and there is a nectar-secreting disc between the styles and the stamens Of the three families, the umbel-worts or _Umbelliferae_ is the co 110, _A_, _B_), and nearly all have large, coenerally hollow So great is the unifor 110, _D_) is generally necessary before the plant can be certainly recognized This is two-seeded in all, but differs very much in shape and in the developives the characteristic taste to the fruits of such forms as caraway, coriander, etc Some of them, like the wild parsnip, poison hemlock, etc, are violent poisons, while others like the carrot are perfectly wholesoinseng, and the true ivy (_Hedera_) are exawood (_Cornus_) (Fig 110, _J-N_) represent the dogwood fainae_) contains eight fa a nues are represented by several wild and cultivated species of _Saxifraga_, the little bishop's cap or111, _D_), and others The wild hydrangea (Fig 111, _F_) and the showy garden species represent the fae and showy, but with neither stamens nor pistils (neutral), while the small, inconspicuous flowers of the central part of the inflorescence are perfect In the garden varieties, all of the flowers are changed, by selection, into the showy, neutral ones The syringa or ooseberry, and currants (_Ribes_) (Fig 111, _A_), and the stonecrop (_Sedu 111, _E_) are types of the families _Philadelpheae_, _Ribesieae_, and _Crassulaceae_

[Illustration: FIG 111--_Calyciflorae_ (_Saxifraginae_): _A_, flowers and leaves of wild gooseberry, _Ribes_ (_Ribesieae_), 1 _B_, vertical section of the flower, 2 _C_, diagram of the flower _D_, flower of bishop's-cap, _Mitella_ (_Saxifragaceae_), 3 _E_, flower of stonecrop, _Seduea (_Hydrangeae_),_n_, neutral flower _G_, unopened flower, 2 _H_, the saa, _Philadelphus_ (_Philadelpheae_), 1 _J_, diagram of the flower]

The third order (_Opuntieae_) has but a single family, the cacti (_Cactaceae_) These are strictly American in their distribution, and inhabit especially the dry plains of the southwest, where they reach an extraordinary development They are nearly or quite leafless, and the fleshy, cylindrical, or flattened ste 112, _A_) are often very showy, so that many species are cultivated for ornaht-bloo cereus, of which there are several species, is one of these A few species of prickly-pear (_Opuntia_) occur as far north as New York, but most are confined to the hot, dry plains of the south and southwest

[Illustration: FIG 112--_Calyciflorae_, _Opuntieae_ (_Passiflorinae_)

_A_, flower of a cactus, _Mamillaria_ (_Cactaceae_) (from ”Gray's Structural Botany”) _B_, leaf and flower of a passion-flower, _Passiflora_ (_Passifloraceae_),_t_, a tendril _C_, cross-section of the ovary, 2 _D_, diagram of the flower]

The fourth order (_Passiflorinae_) are almost without exception tropical plants, only a very few extending into the southern United States The type of the order is the passion-flower (_Passiflora_) (Fig 112, _B_), whose numerous species are mostly inhabitants of tropical America, but a few reach into the United States The only other members of the order likely to be reat many are commonly cultivated as house plants on account of their fine foliage and flowers The leaves are always one-sided, and the flowerswith the _Passiflorinae_ has been questioned

[13] Moncious: having stamens and carpels in different flowers, but on the same plant

[Illustration: FIG 113--_Calyciflorae_ (_Myrtiflorae_, _Thy branch of le flower, 2 _C_, the sa flower ofherb, _Epilobiuy_) is not yet ready for pollination _E_, an older floith receptive pistil _F_, an unopened bud, 1 _G_, cross-section of the ovary, 4 _H_, a young fruit, 1 _I_, diagra branch of water le leaf, 1 _L_, female flowers of the same, 2

_M_, the fruit, 2]

The fifth order (_Myrtiflorae_) have regular four-parted floith usually eight sta of the stamens, these appear very numerous The myrtle faives name to the order The true lossy green leaves and white flowers, as is also the poranate whose brilliant, scarlet flowers are extremely ornamental Cloves are the dried flower-buds of an East-Indian myrtaceous tree (_Caryophyllus_)

In Australia the order includes the giant guest of all known trees, exceeding in size even the giant trees of California

A to the two faraceae_ and _Lythraceae_ The for pri 113, _D_), and fuchsia; the latter, the purple loosestrife (_Lythrum_) and swamp loosestrife (_Nesaea_) The water- 113, _J_) is an exaidaceae_, and the _Rhexias_ of the eastern United States represent with us the family _Melastomaceae_

The sixth order of the _Calyciflorae_ is a small one (_Thymelinae_), represented in the United States by very few species The flowers are four-parted, the calyx rese a corolla, which is usually absent

The co 113, _A_), belonging to the first of the three fanaceae_), the co the leaves covered with curious, scurfy hairs that give them a silvery appearance The third family (_Proteaceae_) has no familiar representatives

The seventh order (_Rosiflorae_) includes many well-known plants, all of which may be united in one family (_Rosaceae_), with several sub-families The flowers are usually five-parted with from five to thirty stamens, and usually nu 114, _I_), however, the carpels are ether; and in the cherry, peach, etc, there is but a single carpel giving rise to a single-seeded stone-fruit (drupe) (Fig 114, _E_, _H_) In the strawberry (Fig 114, _A_), rose (_G_), cinquefoil (_Potentilla_), etc, there are nu 114, _F_) there are five several-seeded carpels, for as many dry pods when ripe The so-called ”berry” of the strawberry is really the ed flower axis, or ”receptacle,”

in which the little one-seeded fruits are e what are ordinarily called the seeds

[Illustration: FIG 114--_Calyciflorae_ (_Rosiflorae_) _A_, inflorescence of strawberry (_Fragaria_),_B_, a single flower, 1 _C_, section of _B_ _D_, floral diagram _E_, vertical section of a cherry-flower (_Prunus_), 1 _F_, vertical section of the flower of _Spiraea_, 2 _G_, vertical section of the bud of a wild rose (_Rosa_), 1 _H_, vertical section of the young fruit, 1

_I_, section of the flower of an apple (_Pyrus_), 1 _J_, floral diagraiven, it will be seen that the order includes not only some of the most ornamental, cultivated plants, but the iven, may be mentioned the raspberry, blackberry, quince, plum, and apricot

[Illustration: FIG 115--_Calyciflorae_ (_Leguminosae_) _A_, flowers and leaf of the common pea, _Pisum_ (_Papilionaceae_),_t_, tendril _st_ stipules _B_, the petals, separated and displayed, 1 _C_, floith the calyx and corolla rethwise,_E_, the eram of the flower _G_, flower of red-bud, _Cercis_ (_Caesalpinaceae_), 2 _H_, the same, with calyx and corolla removed _I_, inflorescence of the sensitive-brier, _Schrankia_ (_Mile flower, 2]

The last order of the _Calyciflorae_ and the highest of the _Choripetalae_ is the order _Leguminosae_, of which the bean, pea, clover, and many other common plants are examples In most of our common for larger than the others, and covering them in the bud This petal is known as the standard The two lateral petals are known as the wings, and the ter and inner are generally grown together for 115, _A_, _B_) The staether into a tube, but generally the upper one is free fro 115, _C_) There is but one carpel which for 115, _D_) The seeds are large, and the embryo fills the seed completely From the peculiar form of the flower, they are known as _Papilionaceae_ (_papilio_, a butterfly) Many of the _Papilionaceae_ are cli stems, as in the coed into a tendril as in the pea (Fig 115, _A_), vetch, etc The leaves are usually compound

Of the second family (_Caesalpineae_), mainly tropical, the honey locust (_Gleditschia_) and red-bud (_Cercis_) (Fig 115, _G_) are the commonest examples The flowers differless perfectly papilionaceous, and the sta 115, _H_) The last family (_Mimosaceae_) is also mainly tropical The acacias, sensitive-plant (_Mimosa_), and the sensitive-brier of the southern United States (_Schrankia_) (Fig 115, _I_) represent this family The flowers are quite different fro tubular and the petals united, thus rese the flowers of the _Sympetalae_ The leaves of _Mi up if irritated

CHAPTER XIX