Part 18 (2/2)

The last family is the caper family (_Capparideae_), represented by only a few not common plants The type of the order is _Capparis_, whose pickled flower-buds constitute capers

The fourth order (_Cistiflorae_) of the _Aphanocyclae_ is a very large one, but the majority of the sixteen families included in it are not represented within our limits The flowers have the sepals and petals in fives, the stamens either the same or more numerous

[Illustration: FIG 104--Types of _Aphanocyclae_ (_Cistiflorae_) _A_, flower of wild blue violet, _Viola_ (_Violaceae_), 1 _B_, the lower petal prolonged behind into a sac or spur, 1 _C_, the stamens, 2

_D_, pistil, 2 _E_, a leaf,_F_, section of the ovary, 2

_G_, the fruit, 1 _H_, the saranonette, _Reseda_ (_Resedaceae_), 2 _K_, a petal, 3 _L_, cross-section of the ovary, 3 _M_, fruit, 1 _N_, plant of sundew, _Drosera_ (_Droseraceae_),_O_, a leaf that has captured a mosquito, 2

_P_, flower of another species (_D filifor the cononettes (_Resedaceae_) and the violets (_Violaceae_), of which the various wild and cultivated species are fa 104, _A_, _M_) The sundews (_Droseraceae_) are y land over pretty much the whole world They are represented in the United States by several species of sundew (_Drosera_), and the still more curious Venus's-flytrap (_Dionaea_) of North Carolina The leaves of the latter are sensitive, and coether like a steel trap If an insect lights upon the leaf, and touches certain hairs upon its upper surface, the two parts snap together, holding the insect tightly A digestive fluid is secreted by glands upon the inner surface of the leaf, and in a short tiested and absorbed by the leaves The sa 104, _N_) where, however, the mechanism is somewhat different Here the tentacles, hich the leaf is studded, secrete a sticky fluid which holds any sht upon it The tentacles noly bend inward and finally the edges of the leaf as well, until the captured insect is firestive process, similar to that in _Diona_, takes place This curious habit is probably to be explained fro in water where there does not seeenous matter for the wants of the plant, which supplements the supply from the bodies of the captured insects

[Illustration: FIG 105--Types of _Aphanocyclae_ (_Cistiflorae_) _A_, _B_, leaves of the pitcher-plant, _Sarracenia_ (_Sarraceniaceae_) _A_, from the side; _B_, from in front,_C_, St John's-wort (_Hypericum_),_D_, a flower, 1 _E_, the pistil, 2 _G_, cross-section of the ovary, 4 _H_, diagra much in appearance from the sundews, are the pitcher-plants (_Sarraceniaceae_), of which one species (_Sarracenia purpurea_) is very cohout the northern United States In this species (Fig 105, _A_, _B_), the leaves form a rosette, from the centre of which arises in early su, dark-reddish floith a curious umbrella-shaped pistil The leaf stalk is hollow and swollen, with a broad wing on one side, and the blade of the leaf forms a sort of hood at the top The interior of the pitcher is covered above with stiff, doard-pointing hairs, while below it is very s to get out, the smooth, slippery wall at the bottom, and the stiff, doard-directed hairs above, prevent their escape, and they fall into the fluid which fills the bottoenous co the process of decomposition There are other species common in the southern states, and a California pitcher-plant (_Darlingtonia_) has a colored appendage at the mouth of the pitcher which serves to lure insects into the trap

Another family of pitcher-plants (_Nepentheae_) is found in the warmer parts of the old world, and soreenhouses In these the pitchers are borne at the tips of the leaves attached to a long tendril

Two other families of the order contain familiar native plants, the rock-rose family (_Cistaceae_), and the St John's-worts (_Hypericaceae_) The latter particularly are common plants, with numerous showy yelloers, the petals usuallyclear dots scattered through theroups (Fig 105, _C_, _D_)

The last order of the _Aphanocyclae_ (the _Columniferae_) has three families, of which two, the mallows (_Malvaceae_), and the lindens (_Tiliaceae_), include well-known species Of the for to the genus _Malva_ are co the shoamp _Hibiscus_ or rose-mallow (_H moscheutos_), coreat lake region The hollyhock and shrubby _Althaea_ are familiar cultivated plants of this order, and the cotton-plant (_Gossypius here In all of these the sta the style Most of thereat quantities of a inous matter within their tissues

The common basswood (_Tilia_) is the co 106, _G_) The nearly related European linden, or lime-tree, is sometimes planted Its leaves are ordinarily somewhat smaller than our native species, which it, however, closely resembles

[Illustration: FIG 106--Types of _Aphanocyclae_ (_Columniferae_) _A_, flower and leaf of the common mallow, _Malva_ (_Malvaceae_),_B_, a flower bud, 1 _C_, section of a flower, 2 _D_, the fruit, 2

_E_, section of one division of the fruit, with the enclosed seed, 3 _eram of the flower _G_, leaf and inflorescence of the basswood, _Tilia_ (_Tiliaceae_), ? _br_ a bract _H_, a single flower, 1 _I_, group of stararoup of the _Choripetalae_ is the _Eucyclae_ The flowers most commonly have the parts in fives, and the stamens are never more than twice as many as the sepals The carpels are usually more or less completely united into a co twenty-five families

[Illustration: FIG 107--Types of _Eucyclae_ (_Gruinales_) _A_, wild crane's-bill _Geraniu fruit, the styles united in a colue the seeds,_E_, section of a seed, 2 _F_, wild flax _Linule flower, 2 _H_, cross-section of the young fruit, 3 _I_, flower _J_, leaf of wood-sorrel, _Oxalis_ (_Oxalideae_), 1 _K_, the stamens and pistil, 2 _L_, flower of jeeed, _Impatiens_ (_Balsamineae_), 1 _M_, the same, with the parts separated _p_, petals _s_, sepals _an_ stay_ pistil _N_, fruit, 1

_O_, the sa _P_, a seed, 2]

The first order (_Gruinales_) includes six fa for thethe geraniueraniuoniuardens The nasturtiums (_Tropaeolum_) represent another fa 107, _I_) are common, both wild and cultivated The most useful member of the order is unquestionably the common flax (_Linu 107, _F_) These are types of the flax fah, fibrous inner bark of _L usitatissimum_, which has been cultivated for its fibre from time immemorial The last family is the balsam family (_Balsamineae_) The jeeed or touch-me-not (_I open on being touched, is very coarden balsam, or lady's slipper, is a related species (_I balsamina_)

[Illustration: FIG 108--_Eucyclae_ (_Terebinthinae_, _aesculinae_) _A_, leaves and flowers of sugar-maple, _Acer_ (_Aceraceae_),_B_, a ram of a perfect flower _D_, fruit of the silver-maple,_E_, section across the seed, 2 _F_, embryo removed from the seed, 1 _G_, leaves and flowers of bladder-nut, _Staphylea_, (_Sapindaceae_),_H_, section of a flower, 2 _I_, diagram of the flower _J_, flower of buckeye (_aesculus_), 1 _K_, flower of smoke-tree, _Rhus_ (_Anacardiaceae_), 3 _L_, the same, in section]

The second order (_Terebinthinae_) contains but few common plants

There are six families, mostly inhabitants of the warmer parts of the world The best-known e, lemon, citron, and their allies Of our native plants the prickly ash (_Zanthoxylum_), and the various species of su the poison ivy (_R toxicodendron_) and the poison dogwood (_R venenata_) The Venetian sumach or smoke-tree (_R Cotinus_) is commonly planted for ornament

The third order of the _Eucyclae_, the _aesculinae_, embraces six families, of which three, the horsechestnuts, etc (_Sapindaceae_), the alaceae_), have several representatives in the northern United States Of the first the buckeye (_aesculus_) (Fig 108, _J_) and the bladder-nut (_Staphylea_) (Fig 108, _G_) are the coenera, while the horsechestnut (_aesculus hippocastanum_) is everywhere planted

The various species of maple (_Acer_) are fa 106, _A_, _F_)

The fourth and last order of the _Eucyclae_, the _Frangulinae_, is composed mainly of plants with inconspicuous flowers, the stamens as many as the petals Not infrequently they are dicious, or in sorape, some of the flowers may be unisexual while others are her the commoner plants of the order -bush, as it is so bitter-sweet (_Celastrus_) (Fig 109, _D_), belonging to the family _Celastraceae_; the holly and black alder, species of _Ilex_, are exarape (_Vitis_), the Virginia creeper (_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_), and one or two other cultivated species of the latter, represent the vine family (_Vitaceae_ or _Ampelidae_), and the buckthorn (_Rhamnus_) is the type of the _Rhaulinae_), _Tricoccae_ _A_, flowers of spindle-tree, _Euonymus_, (_Celastraceae_), 1 _B_, cross-section of the ovary, 2 _C_, diagram of the flower _D_, leaf and fruit of bitter-sweet (_Celastrus_),_E_, fruit opening and disclosing the seeds _F_, section of a nearly ripe fruit, showing the seeds surrounded by the scarlet integurape-vine, _Vitis_ (_Vitaceae_), 2 The corolla has fallen off _H_, vertical section of the pistil, 2 _I_, nearly ripe fruits of the frost-grape, 1 _J_, cross-section of young fruit, 2 _K_, a spurge, _Euphorbia_ (_Euphorbiaceae_),_L_, single group of flowers, surrounded by the corolla-like involucre, 3 _M_, section of the sale male flower, 5 _O_, cross-section of ovary, 6 _P_, a seed, 2 _Q_, longitudinal section of the seed, 3 _eroup of the _Choripetalae_ is a sle order (_Tricoccae_) The flowers are sh sometimes, as in soreenhouses, the leaves or bracts surrounding the inflorescence are conspicuously colored, giving the whole the appearance of a large, showy, single flower In northern countries the plants are es or _Euphorbias_ are the109, _K_) have the small flowers surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre (_L_, _M_) so that the whole inflorescence looks like a single flower In the spurges, as in the otheroften reduced to a single staenerally abound in a milky juice which is often poisonous This juice in a nuenera like the castor-bean (_Ricinus_) and _Croton_ are cultivated for their large, showy leaves

The water starworts (_Callitriche_), not unconant water, represent the family _Callitrichaceae_, and the box (_Buxus_) is the type of the _Buxaceae_

[Illustration: FIG 110--Types of _Calyciflorae_ (_Umbelliflorae_)

_A_, inflorescence of wild parsnip, _Pastinaca_ (_Ule flower of the sa base,_D_, a fruit, 2 _E_, cross-section of _D_