Part 31 (2/2)
MODERN INK BACKGROUNDS (WOOD PAPER AND ”SAFETY”
PAPER)
SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT PAPER-MAKING MATERIALS--PROBABILITIES AS TO THE FUTURE OF THE PUBLIC RECORDS--ESTIMATION OF SUCH MATTERS BY THE LATE POPE--INVENTION OF WOOD-PULP PAPER --ITS LASTING QUALITIES--THE THREE KINDS OF SUCH PAPER DEFINED--DISCUSSION OF THE SUBJECT OF FUNGI IN PAPER BY GLYDE--SOME TESTS TO ASCERTAIN THE MATERIAL OF WHICH PAPER IS COMPOSED-- TESTS AS TO SIZING AND THE DETERMINATION OF THE DIRECTION OF THE GRAIN--ABSORBING POWERS OF BLOTTING PAPER--TESTS FOR GROUND WOOD--NEW MODE OF analYSTS--WHEN THE FIRST ”SAFETY”
PAPER WAS INVENTED--THE MANY KINDS OF ”SAFETY”
PAPER AND PROCESSES IN THEIR MANUFACTURE-- CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW COVERING THIS SUBJECT-- SURVEY OF THE VARIOUS PROCESSES IN THE TREATMENT AND USE OF ”SAFETY” PAPER--ONLY THREE CHEMICAL ”SAFETY” PAPERS NOW ON THE MARKET-- WHY IT IS POSSIBLE TO RAISE SOME MONETARY INSTRUMENTS
PAPERsubstances This statement to the unlearned must seem curious, because in the very early tile material and that did not even require to be first made into the fors which they substituted By the simplest processes they produced a paper hich our best cannot coreat care is exercised in selecting the quality of paper for official use, in others none at all
What will be the state of our archives a few hundred years hence, if they be not continually recopied?
Some of the printed paper rots even more quickly than written
The late Pope at one time invited many of the savants, chemists and librarians of Europe, to meet at Einsiedlen Abbey in Switzerland He requested that the subject of their discussions should be both ink and paper He volunteered the information, already known to the initiated, that the records of this generation in his custody and under his control were fast disappearing and unless the writing materials were much improved he estimated that they would entirely disappear It is stated that at thisthe Pope's representative submitted a number of documents froh dated in the nineteenth century In a few of those of dates later than 1873 the paper was so tender that unless handled with exceptional care, it would break in pieces like scorched paper
These conditions are in line with many of those which prevail with few exceptions in every country, town or hamlet
A contributory cause as we know is a class of poor and cheap inks now in almost universal use The other is the so-called ”ue
Reauested froathered in exaht be manufactured from wood This idea does not appear to have been acted upon until h in the interienuity in the selection of fibrous ht be manufactured
The successful introduction of wood as a substitute for or with rags in paper rowth; since which time vast quantities have been employed In this country alonei of horess of soreatly to our comfort and civilization cannot be overestirate and decay, and the time not very far distant either Hence, its use for records of any kind is always to be condemned
There are three classes of wood pulp; mechanical wood, soda process, and the sulphite The first or s after being cut up into proper blocks, were then ground against a ainst which they were pressed and with the aid of floater reduced to a pulpy form This pulp was transported into suitable tanks and then pumped to the ”beaters”
The soda process wood and sulphite wood pulp are both made by chemical processes The first was invented by Meliner in 1865 The preparation of pulp by this process consists briefly in first cutting up the logs into suitable sections and throwing thea strong solution of caustic soda and boiled under pressure
The sulphite process is substantially the saesters and fed with the chemicals which form an acid sulphite The real inventor of this latter process is not known
The chemicals employed in both of these processes compel a separation of the resinous matters from the cell tissues or cellulose These products are then treated in theof paper with few variations, the sa pulp
These now perfected processes are the results of long and continuing experi paper was read before the London Society of Arts by Mr Alfred Glyde, in May, 1850, and is equally applicable to so to the i in the microscope, little was known of the real nature of the plants called fungi until within the last few years, but since the improverowth, and offices of the fungi has received ae and lichens, the class of thallogens (Lindley), the algae existing in water, the other two in air only A fungus is a cellular flowerless plant, fructifying solely by spores, by which it is propagated, and the ularly various and beautiful The fungi differs fro their nourishrow, instead of froer quantity of nitrogen in their constitution than vegetables generally do, and the substance called 'fungine'
has a near resemblance to animal matter
Their spores are inconceivably nu theanic matter in a fit state The principal conditions required for their growth are en and electricity No decoanic h state of preservation in which timber has been found after the lapse of centuries, as well as by the condition of ypt Decay will not take place in a te point of water, nor without oxygen, by excluding which, is contained in the air, etables may be kept fresh and sweet for etable substances are exposed to oxygen is that of slow co with the wood and liberating a volume of carbonic acid equal to itself, and another portion coen of the wood to form water Decooing the sae, in the same manner that yeast causes feren in precisely the saetable en, it contains nitrogen, the products of the ere carbon and nitrate of aen, and water, and these ai Now paper consists essentially of woody fibre, having animal matter as size on its surface
The first ularity of surface, with a slight change of color, indicating the co which, in addition to carbonic acid, certain organic acids are formed, as crenic and ul matter, will foroes on in parchment as in paper, only with en in its coi are produced, the laucu a freer admission of air, and consequently hasten the decay The substances most successfully used as preventives of decay are the salts of mercury, copper, and zinc bi+chloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate) is the material employed in the kyanization of ti its combination with the albumen of the wood, to form an insoluble compound not susceptible of spontaneous deco fermentation The antiseptic power of corrosive subli a little of it with flour paste, the decay of which, and the appearance of fungi, are quite prevented by it Next to corrosive sublimate in antiseptic value stand the salts of copper and zinc For use in the preservation of paper the sulphate of zinc is better than the chloride, which is to a certain extent delinquescent”
There are nu, direction of the grain, absorbing powers, character of ingredients, etc A few of them are cited