Part 13 (1/2)

XII _sev-ish-dir-il-ht to love one another, becoht to love one another

Some of these forms are of course of rare occurrence, and with raically impossible Even a verb like ”to love,” perhaps the most pliant of all, resists sorammarian is fain to subject it It is clear, however, that wherever a negation can be formed, the idea of i _eme_ for _me_, we should raise the number of derivative roots to thirty-six The very last of these, xxxVI _sev-ish-dir-il-eht be used, for instance, if, in speaking of the Sultan and the Czar, ished to say, that it was iht to love one another

_Finnic Class_

It is generally supposed that the original seat of the Finnic tribes was in the Ural es have been therefore called _Uralic_ From this centre they spread east and west; and southward in ancient tiether with Mongolic and Turkic, were probably known to the Greeks under the comprehensive and convenient name of Scythians As we possess no literary documents of any of these nomadic nations, it is impossible to say, even where Greek writers have preserved their barbarous naed Their habits were probably identical before the Christian era, during the Middle Ages, and at the present day One tribe takes possession of a tract and retains it perhaps for several generations, and gives its name to the meadohere it tends its flocks, and to the rivers where the horses are watered If the country be fertile, it will attract the eye of other tribes; wars begin, and if resistance be hopeless, hundreds of farate perhaps for generations,-for ration they find a more natural life than permanent habitation,-and after a time we may rediscover their names a thousand miles distant Or two tribes will carry on their warfare for ages, till with reduced nuainst soles their languages lose as many words as ht say) go over, others areties, and at last a dialect is produced which e of the cae, is the proper naul eist to arrange the living and to nurahout the medley We sa a nuathered by the co and swelling at the call of a thunder-stornitz may sweep away all the sheepfolds and landmarks of centuries, and when the storm is over, a thin crust will, as after a flood, rees

On the evidence of language, the Finnic stock is divided into four branches,

The Chudic, The Bulgaric, The Perric

The Chudic branch comprises the Finnic of the Baltic coasts The nainally applied by the Russians to the Finnic nations in the north-west of Russia Afterwards it took a eneral sense, and was used almost synonymously with Scythian for all the tribes of Central and Northern Asia The Finns, properly so called, or as they call themselves Suomalainen, _ie_ inhabitants of fens, are settled in the provinces of Finland (for to Sweden, but since 1809 annexed to Russia), and in parts of the governel and Olonetz Their number is stated at 1,521,515 The Finns are the yars excepted, the only Finnic race that can clai nations of the world Their literature and, above all, their popular poetry bear witness to a high intellectual development in times which we low of poetical feelings than their present abode, the last refuge Europe could afford the the poorest, recorded by oral tradition alone, and preserving all the features of a perfecthas lately arisen ast the Finns, despite of Russian supreren, receiving hence a powerful i Froed an epic poeth and coet for a moment all that _we_ in our youth learned to call beautiful, not less beautiful A Finn is not a Greek, and Wainamoinen was not a Homer But if the poet may take his colors from that nature by which he is surrounded, if he may depict the men hom he lives, ”Kalewala”

possesses merits not dissimilar from those of the Iliad, and will claim its place as the fifth national epic of the world, side by side with the Ionian songs, with the Mahabharata, the Shahnae This early literary cultivation has not been without a powerful influence on the language It has imparted permanency to its forms and a traditional character to its words, so that at first sight we e had not left the agglutinative stage, and entered into the current of inflection with Greek or Sanskrit The agglutinative type, however, yet reraarian Like Turkish it observes the ”hares, as explained before

Karelian and Tavastian are dialectical varieties of Finnish

The Esths or Esthonians, neighbors to the Finns, speak a language closely allied to the Finnish It is divided into the dialects of Dorpat (in Livonia) and Reval Except sos it is alether with Livonia and Kurland, forms the three Baltic provinces of Russia The population on the islands of the Gulf of Finland is her ranks of society Esthonian is hardly understood, and never spoken

Besides the Finns and Esthonians, the Livonians and the Lapps st the same family Their number, however, is small

The population of Livonia consists chiefly of Esths, Letts, Russians, and Ger their own dialect is not more than 5000

The Lapps, or Laplanders, inhabit theto Sweden and Russia Their nue has lately attracted ive a description of theirfroaria branch comprises the Tcheremissians and Mordvinians, scattered in disconnected colonies along the Volga, and surrounded by Russian and Tataric dialects Both languages are extrerammar, and allow an accumulation of pronominal affixes at the end of verbs, surpassed only by the Bask, the Caucasian, and those American dialects that have been called Polysynthetic

The general naaria, on the Danube; Bulgaria, on the contrary, received its na Moesia) from the Finnic ararian tribes advanced fro for a tinty of the Avars on the Don and Dnieper, they advanced to the Danube in 635, and founded the Bulgarian kingdoh the Finnic Bulgarians have long been absorbed by Slavonic inhabitants, and both brought under Turkish sway since 1392

The third, or Permic branch, comprises the idioms of the Votiakes, the Sirianes, and the Pere _Perm_ was the ancient name for the country between 61-76 E lon and 55-65 N lat

The Perhbors, the Voguls, and thus pressed upon their western neighbors, the Bulgars of the Volga The Votiakes are found between the rivers Vyatka and Ka the country on the Upper Kama, while the eastern portion is held by the Permians These are surrounded on the south by the Tatars of Orenburg and the Bashkirs; on the north by the Sauls, who pressed on thearians and Ostiakes, forric It was in 462, after the disric tribes approached Europe They were then called Onagurs, Saragurs, and Urogs; and in later tiry They are the ancestors of the Hungarians, and should not be confounded with the Uigurs, an ancient Turkic tribe arian language and dialects of Finnic origin, spoken east of the Volga, is not a new discovery In 1253, Wilhela, remarked that a race called Pascatir, who live on the Yak, spoke the saarians They were then settled east of the old Bulgarian kingdoari, on the left of the Volga, may still be traced in the ruins of Spask If these Pascatir-the portion of the Ugric tribes that rea-are identical with the Bashkir, as Klaproth supposes, it would follow that, in later tie, for the present Bashkir no longer speak a Hungarian, but a Turkic, dialect The affinity of the Hungarian and the Ugro-Finnic dialects was first proved philologically by Gyarmathi in 1799

A few instances arian Tcherelish

Atya-m atya-m my father

Atya-d atya-t thy father

Atya atya-se his father

Atya-nk atya-ne our father

Atya-tok atya-da your father

Aty-ok atya-st their father

DECLENSION

Hungarian Esthonian English

Nom ver werri blood