Part 11 (2/2)

Muchto the third branch of the Turanian fa which is the Turkish or Osmanli of Constantinople The number of the Turkish inhabitants of European Turkey is indeed senerally stated at 2,000,000; but Shafarik estienuine Turks at not more than 700,000, who rule over fifteen millions of people The different Turkic dialects of which the Osuistic areas, extending from the Lena and the Polar Sea, down to the Adriatic

The most ancient name by which the Turkic tribes of Central Asia were known to the Chinese was Hiung-nu These Hiung-nu founded an ee portion of Asia, west of China Engaged in frequent ith the Chinese, they were defeated at last in the middle of the first century after Christ Thereupon they divided into a northern and southern e-nu had becoether with the Chinese, and, driving thea, and the Altai iven the first impulse to the inroads of the barbarians into Europe In the beginning of the third century, the Mongolic and Tungusic tribes, who had filled the seats of the northern Hiung-nu, had grown so powerful as to attack the southern Hiung-nu and drive theration of Asiatic tribes towards the west

Another na-nu or Turkish tribes is Tu-kiu This Tu-kiu is supposed to be identical with Turk, and, although the tribe to which this naan to spread in the sixth century from the Altai to the Caspian, and it was probably to them that in 569 the Emperor Justinian sent an ambassador in the person of Sehth century, by the 'Hui-'he (Chinese Kao-che) This tribe, equally of Turkish origin, maintained itself for about a century, and was then conquered by the Chinese and driven back from the northern borders of China Part of the 'Hui-'he occupied Tangut, and, after a second defeat by the Mongolians in 1257, the reurs, whose tents were pitched near the towns of Turfan, 'Kashgar, 'Haleaned chiefly from Chinese historians, show from the very earliest times the ard tendency of the Turkish nations In 568 Turkish tribes occupied the country between the Volga and the sea of Azov, and nuthened their position in those parts

The northern part of Persia, west of the Caspian Sea, Arestan, harbor a Turkic population, known by the general name of Turkman or Kisil-bash (Red-caps) They are nomadic robbers, and their arrival in these countries dates from the eleventh and twelfth centuries

East of the Caspian Sea the Turkana, and Bukhara They call theuests of these Khans Still nty, and in the south-west they reach as far as Khorasan and other provinces of Persia

The Usbeks, descendants of the 'Huy-'he and Uigurs, and originally settled in the neighborhood of the towns of 'Hoten, Kashgar, Turfan, and 'Hamil, crossed the Yaxartes in the sixteenth century, and after several successful caained possession of Balkh, Kharisanah In the latter country and in Balkh they have becoenerally their life is nomadic, and too warlike to be called pastoral

Another Turkish tribe are the Nogai, west of the Caspian, and also north of the Black Sea To the beginning of the seventeenth century they lived north-east of the Caspian, and the steppes on the left of the Irtish bore their naais advanced ard as far as Astrachan Peter I transferred them thence to the north of the Caucasian raze their flocks on the shores of the Kuban and the kua, subject to the Kalin in the Caucasus are the Bazianes They now live near the sources of the Kuban, but before the fifteenth century within the town Majari, on the kuma

A third Turkish tribe in the Caucasus are the kumuks on the rivers Sunja, Aksai, and Koisu: now subjects of Russia, though under native princes

The southern portion of the Altaicbeen inhabited by the Bashkirs, a race considerably norant, subjects of Russia, and Mohammedans by faith Their land is divided into four Roads, called the Roads of Siberia, of Kasan, of Nogai, and of Osa, a place on the Kaes near Ufa, is now settled a Turkish tribe, the Mescheraks who fora

The tribes near the Lake of Aral are called Kara-Kalpak They are subject partly to Russia, partly to the Khans of Khiva

The Turks of Siberia, coinal settlers, who crossed the Ural, and founded the Khanat of Sibir, partly later colonists Their chief towns are Tobolsk, Yeniseisk, and Tomsk

Separate tribes are the Uran'hat on the Chulym, and the Barabas in the steppes between the Irtish and the Ob

The dialects of these Siberian Turks are considerably interolic, Samoyedic, or Russian sources Still they reseinal stock of the language

In the north-east of Asia, on both sides of the river Lena, the _Yakuts_ fores Their male population has lately risen to 100,000, while in 1795 it amounted only to 50,066 The Russians became first acquainted with them in 1620 They call theh Christianity is gaining ground a to their traditions, their ancestors lived for a long tiolic tribes, and traces of this can still be discovered in their language Attacked by their neighbors, they built rafts and floated down the river Lena, where they settled in the neighborhood of what is now Yakutzk Their original seats seee has preserved the Turkic type more completely than any other Turco-Tataric dialect Separated from the co influences to which the other dialects were exposed, whether in war or in peace, the Yakutian has preserved so rarammatical forms of the Osmanli and other more cultivated Turkic dialects

Southern Siberia is the is, one of the is lived originally between the Ob and Yenisei, where Mongolic tribes settled a of the seventeenth century the Russians beca the Yenisei In 1606 they had becohboring tribes, they were driven ether at the beginning of the eighteenth century They now live at Burut, in Chinese Turkestan, together with the Kirgis of the ”Great Horde,” near the town of Kashgar, north as far as the Irtish

Another tribe is that of the Western Kirgis, or Kirgis-Kasak, who are partly independent, partly tributary to Russia and China

Of what are called the three Kirgis Hordes, frohiz, the Small Horde is fixed in the west, between the rivers Yemba and Ural; the Great Horde in the east; while the most powerful occupies the centre between the Sarasu and Yemba, and is called the Middle Horde Since 1819, the Great Horde has been subject to Russia

Other Kirgis tribes, though noerous enemies

The Turks of Asia Minor and Syria came from Khorasan and Eastern Persia, and are Turk the Middle Ages The Osmanli, e are accusto portion of the Turkish empire, must be traced to the same source They are now scattered over the whole Turkish empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and their number amounts to between 11,000,000 and 12,000,000 They forentry, the aristocracy, and bureaucracy of Turkey; and their language, the Osmanli, is spoken by persons of rank and education, and by all governypt, at Tunis, and at Tripoli In the southern provinces of Asiatic Russia, along the borders of the Caspian, and through the whole of Turkestan, it is the language of the people It is heard even at the court of Teheran, and is understood by official personages in Persia

The rise of this powerful tribe of Os of that Turkish dialect which is now emphatically called the Turkish, are matters of historical notoriety We need not search for evidence in Chinese annals, or try to discover analogies between names that a Greek or an Arabic writer may by chance have heard and handed down to us, and which some of these tribes have preserved to the present day The ancestors of the Osman Turks are ne or Alfred It was in the year 1224 that Soliolians, left Khorasan and pushed ard into Syria, Arhrul, took service under Aladdin, the Seljuk Sultan of Iconiuainst Greeks and Mongolians, received part of Phrygia as his own, and there founded as afterwards to beco the last years of the thirteenth century the Sultans of Iconium lost their power, and their forns Os his share of the spoil in Asia, advanced through the Olyainst the armies of the Emperors of Byzantium Osman became henceforth the national name of his people His son, Orkhan, whose capital was Prusa (Bursa), after conquering Nicomedia (1327) and Nicaea (1330), threatened the hellespont He took the title of Padishah, and his court was called the ”High Porte” His son, Soliman, crossed the hellespont (1357), and took possession of Gallipoli and Sestos He thus became master of the Dardanelles Murad I took Adrianople (1362), made it his capital, conquered Macedonia, and, after a severe struggle, overthrew the united forces of the Slavonic races south of the Danube, the Bulgarians, Servians, and Kroatians, in the battle of Kossova-polye (1389) He fell himself, but his successor Bayazeth, followed his course, took Thessaly, passed Thermopylae, and devastated the Peloponnesus The Eismund, who advanced at the head of an army composed of French, German, and Slavonic soldiers, was defeated by Bayazeth on the Danube in the battle of Nicopolis, 1399 Bayazeth took Bosnia, and would have taken Constantinople, had not the saolians, who in 1244 drove the first Turkish tribes ard into Persia, threatened again their newly acquired possessions Tiis-khan: Bayazeth was compelled to ora (Ankyra) in Galatia

Europe now had respite, but not long; Timur died, and with hiain under Mahomet I

(1413), and re-attained its former power under Murad II (1421)

Successful in Asia, Murad sent his arns, and powerful resistance froained two decisive victories; Varna in 1444, and Kossova in 1448 Constantinople could no longer be held, and the Pope endeavored in vain to rouse the chivalry of Western Europe to a crusade against the Turks Mahomet II succeeded in 1451, and on the 26th of May, 1453, Constantinople, after a valiant resistance, fell, and became the capital of the Turkish erah one enious ht out, the regularity which pervades the systeibility of the whole structure, must strike all who have a sense of that wonderful power of the hue Given so sraphic and demonstrative roots as would hardly suffice to express the cos, to produce an instru and thought;-given a vague infinitive or a stern imperative, to derive from it such moods as an optative or subjunctive, and tenses as an aorist or paulo-post future;-given incoherent utterances, to arrange theular, all combined and harmonious;-such is the work of the huuages nothing of this early process remains visible They stand before us like solid rocks, and the ist alone can reveal the reanic life hich they are built up