Part 11 (1/2)

A Turanian ht tolerate the Sanskrit,

as-mi, a-si, as-ti, 's-mas, 's-tha, 's-anti, I am, thou art, he is, we are, you are, they are;

or even the Latin,

's-um, e-s, es-t, 'su-mus, es-tis, 'sunt

In these instances, with a few exceptions, root and affix are as distinguishable as, for instance, in Turkish:

bakar-iards

bakar-iz, bakar-siniz, bakar-lar we regard, you regard, they regard

But a conjugation like the Hindustani, which is a modern Aryan dialect,

hun, hai, hai, hain, ho, hain,

would not be coes, because it would not answer the requirements of a nomadic life Turanian dialects exhibit either no terusic dialect; or a coible system of affixes, as in the spoken dialect of Nyertchinsk, equally of Tungusic descent But a state of conjugation in which, through phonetic corruption, the suffix of the first person singular and plural, and of the third person plural are the same, where there is no distinction between the second and third persons singular, and between the first and third persons plural, would necessarily lead, in a Turanian dialect, to the adoption of new and more expressive forms New pronouns would have to be used to mark the persons, or some other expedient be resorted to for the same purpose

And this will es, or in fact all languages in this second or agglutinative stage, though protected against phonetic corruption es, are so eneration A Turanian retains, as it were, the consciousness of his language and grammar The idea, for instance, which he connects with a plural is that of a noun followed by a syllable indicative of plurality; a passive with hi, or eating, or going(304) Now these deterh in one and the sa one period of time, a certain nuned to the expression of certain graenitive, different hordes, as they separated, would still feel therarammarian to prove the identity of the terminations, even in dialects so closely allied as Finnish and Hungarian, or Tau

It lutinative languages are forever passing through this process of graeneration

Where nouage, though Turanian, es, such as Sanskrit or Hebrew This is indeed the case with the arian, the Finnish, the Tarammatical terminations have suffered by phonetic corruption, but they have not been replaced by new and more expressive words The teru, and this is probably a a?_, the termination of the plural in Tamil The only characteristic Turanian feature which always remains is this: the root is never obscured Besides this, the deterenerally placed at the end, and the vowels do not become so absolutely fixed for each syllable as in Sanskrit or Hebrew On the contrary, there is what is called the Law of Hared and modulated so as to harmonize with the key-note struck by its chief vowel

The vowels in Turkish, for instance, are divided into two classes, _sharp_ and _flat_ If a verb contains a sharp vowel in its radical portion, the vowels of the terminations are all sharp, while the sa a root with a flat vowel, modulate their oels into the flat key Thus we have _sev- the termination of the infinitive Thus we say, _ev-ler_, the houses, but _at-lar_, the horses, _ler_ or _lar_ being the tere has preserved a sie the arian, Mongolian, Turkish, the Yakut, spoken in the north of Siberia, and in dialects spoken on the eastern frontiers of India

For completeness' sake I add a short account of the Turanian faes, published 1855:-

_Tungusic Class_

The _Tungusic_ branch extends from China northward to Siberia and ard to 113, where the river Tunguska partly usic tribes in Siberia are under Russian sway Other Tungusic tribes belong to the Chinese empire, and are known by the name of Mandshu, a name taken after they had conquered China in 1644, and founded the present iinal seats of the people who speak Mongolic dialects lie near the Lake Baikal and in the eastern parts of Siberia, where we find them as early as the ninth century after Christ They were divided into three classes, the _Mongols_ proper, the _Buriats_, and the _olots_ or _Kalis-khan (1227) united theolian eusic and Turkic, commonly called Tataric, tribes

The name of Tatar soon became the terror of Asia and Europe, and it was applied promiscuously to all the noinally Tatar was a nah their political ascendency in Asia after Chingis-khan, it becaolian sway by the nauistic works Tataric is now used in two several senses

Following the exaes, Tataric, like Scythian in Greek, has been fixed upon as the general teres spoken by the nomadic tribes of Asia Hence it is used sometimes in the same sense in which we use Turanian Secondly, Tataric has becoes of which the Turkish is the olic class-that which in fact has the greatest claims to the name of Tataric-is never so called, it has become an almost universal custom to apply this name to the third or Turkic branch of the Ural-Altaic division; and the races belonging to this branch have in many instances themselves adopted the name These Turkish, or as they are more commonly called, Tataric races, were settled on the northern side of the Caspian Sea, and on the Black Sea, and were known as Koolic aris-khan, who founded the Kapchakian eisian steppes Russia for two centuries was under the sway of these Khans, known as the Khans of the Golden Horde This empire was dissolved towards the end of the fifteenth century, and several s these Krim, Kasan, and Astrachan, were the loried in their descent frools or Tatars But their armies and subjects also, ere of Turkish blood, received the naes continued to be called Tataric, even after the tribes by whoht under the Russian sceptre, and were no longer governed by khans of Mongolic or Tataric origin It would perhaps be desirable to use Turkic instead of Tataric, when speaking of the third branch of the northern division of the Turanian faenerally produce as much confusion as it reolic origin, re the so-called Tatars of Kasan and Astrachan If asked whether they are Tatars, they reply no; and they call their language Turki or Turuk, but not Tatari Nay, they consider Tatar as a term of abuse, synonymous with robber, evidently from a recollection that their ancestors had once been conquered and enslaved by Mongolic, that is, Tataric, tribes All this rests on the authority of Klaproth, who during his stay in Russia had great opportunities of studying the languages spoken on the frontiers of this half-Asiatic eols or the descendants of Chingis-khan were not confined, however, to these Turkish tribes They conquered China in the east, where they founded the Mongolic dynasty of Yuan, and in the west, after subduing the khalifs of Bagdad, and the Sultans of Iconiureater part of Russia In 1240 they invaded Poland, in 1241 Silesia Here they recoiled before the united armies of Germany, Poland, and Silesia They retired into Moravia, and having exhausted that country, occupied Hungary At that time they had to choose a new khan, which could only be done at Karakorum, the old capital of their eovern an empire which then extended from China to Poland, from India to Siberia

But a realether, and towards the end of the thirteenth century it broke up into several independent states, all under Mongolian princes, but no longer under one khan of khans Thus new independent Mongolic empires arose in China, Turkestan, Siberia, Southern Russia, and Persia In 1360, the Mongolian dynasty was driven out of China; in the fifteenth century they lost their hold on Russia In Central Asia they rallied once ed from Karakorum to Persia and Anatolia

But in 1468, this eht, and for want of powerful rulers like Chingis-khan or Ti from the Aral Lake to the Hindu-kush, between the rivers Oxus and Yaxartes (Jihon and Sihon), and once governed by Jagatai, the son of Chingis-khan-the Mongolian dynasty maintained itself, and thence it was that Baber, a descendant of Tiolian dynasty, surviving up to our own tiolic tribes are now under the sway of the nations whons of China, the Russian czars, and the Turkish sultans

The Mongolic language, although spoken (but not continuously) froiven rise to but few dialects Next to Tungusic, the Mongolic is the poorest language of the Turanian farae, it has reed There is, however, a distinction between the language as spoken by the Eastern, Western, and Northern tribes, and incipient traces of grareat Swedish traveller and Turanian philologist, in the spoken dialect of the Buriats In it the persons of the verb are distinguished by affixes, while, according to the rules of Mongolic grauishes in the verb between aols who live in Europe have fixed their tents on each side of the Volga and along the coast of the Caspian Sea near Astrachan Another colony is found south-east of Se to the Western branch, and are olots or Kalmuks, who left their seats on the Koko-nur, and entered Europe in 1662 They proceeded from the clans Durbet and TorGod, but ain in 1770, and their descendants are now scattered over the Kirgisian steppes

_Turkic Class_