Part 16 (1/2)

_Nuinally perforers is still the utnification _Ten_ is the past participle of _tynan_, to close, to shut in The hands _tyned, tened_, closed, or shut in, signified _ten_; for there nureater than ten, we ain, _ten_ and _one, ten_ and _two_, &c

_Twain, twa-in, twa-ain, twa-ane_, is a compound of _tae, twee, to_ or _dwo_ or _duo)_ and _one (ane, ain, an)_ It signifies _two_ units _joined, united, aned,_ or _oned Twenty (twa-ane-ten)_ signifies _two tens aned, oned_, or _united_ Things _separated_ into parcels of twenty each, are called _scores Score_ is the past participle of _shear_, to _separate_

_The Ordinals_ are formed like abstract nouns in _eth Fifth, sixth_, or _tenth_ is the number which _fiv-eth, six-eth, ten-eth_, or mak-_eth_ up the number _five, six_, or _ten_

Philosophical writers who liinally_ employed, and suppose that all the coradual progress of language and intellect has connected ords, are to be reduced to _the standard of our forefathers_; appear not to have sufficiently attended to the _changes_ which this principle of association actually produces As language is transeneration, many words becoinally associated; and thus they undergo a change, not only in the _ Words being the signs of things, their s thee; but this variation in their importthe ideas connected with a word that which was once of primary, becorees, it loses altogether its connexion with the word, giving place to others hich, from some accidental causes, it has been associated

Two or three instances will illustrate the truth of these relish version of the New Testae: ”I, Paul, a _rascal_ of Jesus Christ, unto you Gentiles,” &c But who, in the present acceptation of the word, would dare to call ”the great apostle of the Gentiles” a _rascal?

Rascal_ formerly meant a _servant:_ one devoted to the interest of another; but now it is nearly synonymous with _villain Villain_ once had none of the odiunified one who, under the feudal system, rented or held lands of another Thus, Henry the VIII says to a vassal or tenant, ”As you are an accomplished _villain_, I order that you receive 700 out of the public treasury” The word _villain_, then, has given up its original idea, and beco supplanted it To prove that the es_, a thousand exaent reader, proof is unnecessary

QUESTIONS ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES

How are adnouns divided?--What constitutes the true character of an adjective?--What are the signification and denote?_--What do _left_ and _own_ signify?--Name the three ways in which restrictives are applied--Hoas nuinally performed?--What is said of _twain, twenty, score_, and the ordinal nu of words, by the principle of association?

EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX NOTE 9, under RULE 18 Double _Comparatives_ and _Superlatives_ should be avoided; such as, _worser, lesser, more_ deeper, _htest_; or _more_ perfect, _most_ perfect, _nity on reater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night

The phrases ”most supreme,” and ”chiefest,” in the first sentence, are incorrect, because _supre the superlative form superadded, which addition makes them double superlatives They should be written, ”confers suprenity,” and, ”his chief desire”

We can say, one thing is _less_ than another, or _smaller_ than another, because the adjectives _less_ and _sree; but the phrase ”_lesser_ light,” in the second sentence, is inaccurate _Lesser_ is a double co Note, should be avoided _Lesser_ is as incorrect as _badder, gooder, worser_ ”The _sht,” would be less exceptionable You can correct the folloithout my assistance Correct the are ue is like a race-horse, which runs the faster the lesser weight it carries The nightingale's voice is the hest hath created us for his glory, He was adave a strong proof of the fact; the next er of all He gave the fullest and the most sincere proof of the truer friendshi+p

LECTURE V

OF PARTICIPLES

A PARTICIPLE is a word derived from a verb, and partakes of the nature of a verb, and also of an adjective

Verbs have three participles, the present or imperfect, the perfect, and the compound

The _present_ or _i continued, but not perfected It always ends in _ing_; as, _ruling, being_: ”I a_ a letter”

The _perfect_ participle denotes action or being perfected or finished

When derived froular verb, it ends in _ed_, and corresponds with the imperfect tense; as, _ruled, smiled:_ ”The letter is _written_”

The _co co _having_ before the perfect participle; as, _having ruled, having been ruled: ”Having written_ the letter, he mailed it”

The term _Participle_ conifies to _partake_: and this naiven to this part of speech, because it _partakes_ of the nature of the verb and of the adjective

By many writers, the participle is classed with the verb, and treated as a part of it; but, as it has no nominative, partakes of the nature of an adjective, requires many syntactical rules which apply not to the verb, and, in some other respects, has properties peculiar to itself, it is believed that its character is sufficiently distinct from the verb, to entitle it to the rank of a separate part of speech It is, in fact, the connecting link between, not only the adjective and the verb, but also the noun and the verb

All participles are co and office Like verbs, they express action and being, and denote time; and, like adjectives, they describe the nouns of which they denote the action or being In the sentences, The boat_ in the field; Charles is _standing_; you perceive that the participles _crossing_ and _laboring_ express the actions of the boat of Charles In these respects, then, they partake of the nature of verbs You also notice, that they _describe_ the several nouns associated with the adjectives; and that, in this respect, they participate the properties of adjectives And, further on; that is, _incomplete_ or _unfinished_ actions; for which reason we call them _imperfect_ participles

Perhaps I can illustrate their character more clearly When the imperfect or present and perfect participles are placed before nouns, they beco adjectives, and are deno_ co_ winds; A _wilted_ leaf; An _acco, roaring, wilted_, and _accomplished_, describe or define the nouns hich they are associated And where the participles are placed after their nouns, they have, also, this descriptive quality If I say, I see theis _beaten_; I describe the several objects, as a _rising_ , as well as when I place these participles before the nouns The sa to itsillustration, however, shows that this distinction is founded on a very slight shade of difference in theexauish the one from the other