Part 2 (1/2)

5 Most nouns ending in _o_ add _s_; as, _ca in _o_ preceded by a consonant add _es_; as, _volcano, volcanoes_ The o, calico, echo, ero, potato, toures, characters, etc, add the apostrophe and _s_ (_'s_); as, _6's, c's, t's, that's_

7 The following coular way; as, _eese; woman, women; foot, feet; mouse, mice; child, children; tooth, teeth; louse, lice_

COMPOUND NOUNS are those formed by the union of tords, either two nouns or a noun joined to some descriptive word or phrase

8 The principal noun of a compound noun, whether it precedes or follows the descriptive part, is inthe plural; as, _hts-errant, mouse-traps_ In a few compound words, both parts take a plural forhts-teenerally form plurals in the same way as do other nouns; as, _Senators Webster and Clay, the three Henrys_

Abbreviations of titles are little used in the plural, except _Messrs_ (_Mr_), and _Drs_ (_Dr_)

10 In for the plurals of proper names where a title is used, either the title or the name may be put in the plural form Sometimes both are made plural; as, _Miss Brown, the Misses Brown, the Miss Browns, the two Mrs Browns_

11 Soular and the plural; as, _deer, series, ross_, etc

12 Some nouns used in two senses have two plural for:

BROTHER _brothers_ (by blood) _brethren_ (by association) CLOTH _cloths_ (kinds of cloth) _clothes_ (garames) FISH _fishes_ (separately) _fish_ (collectively) GENIUS _geniuses_ (s) HEAD _heads_ (of the body) _head_ (of cattle) INDEX _indexes_ (of books) _indices_ (in algebra) PEA _peas_ (separately) _pease_ (collectively) PENNY _pennies_ (separately) _pence_ (collectively) SAIL _sails_ (pieces of canvas) _sail_ (nues) _shot_ (nues frequently retain in the plural the fore from which they are taken; as, _focus, foci; terminus, termini; alumnus, alumni; datum, data; stratum, strata; formula, formul?; vortex, vortices; appendix, appendices; crisis, crises; oasis, oases; axis, axes; phenomenon, phenomena; automaton, automata; analysis, analyses; hypothesis, hypotheses; enus, genera; fungus, fungi; minimum, minima; thesis, theses_

EXERCISE 3

_Write the plural, if any, of every singular noun in the following list; and the singular, if any, of every plural noun Note those having no singular and those having no plural_

News, goods, thanks, scissors, proceeds, puppy, studio, survey, attorney, arch, belief, chief, charity, half, hero, negro, ht-teht-errant, why, 4, x, son-in-law, Miss Seneral, oxen, geese, man-servant, brethren, strata, sheep, mathematics, pride, money, pea, head, piano, veto, knives, ratios, alumni, feet, wolves, president, sailor-boy, spoonful, rope-ladder, grando-between

_When in doubt respecting the fored dictionary_

14 CASE There are three cases in English: the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective

The NOMINATIVE CASE; the form used in address and as the subject of a verb

The OBJECTIVE CASE; the form used as the object of a verb or a preposition It is always the sarammar can arise in the use of the nominative or the objective cases of nouns, no further discussion of these cases is here needed

The POSSESSIVE CASE; the for of this case we have inflection

15 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE RULES FOR THE FORMING OF THE POSSESSIVE CASE:

1 Most nouns for the apostrophe and _s_ (_'s_); as, _man, man's; men, men's; pupil, pupil's; John, John's_

2 Plural nouns ending in _s_ for only the apostrophe ('); as, _persons, persons'; writers, writers'_ In stating possession in the plural, then one should say: _Carpenters'

tools sharpened here, Odd Felloives are invited_, etc

3 So in an _s_ sound for the apostrophe alone; as, _for appearance' sake, for goodness' sake_ But usage inclines to the adding of the apostrophe and _s_ (_'s_) even if the singular noun does end in an _s_ sound; as, _Charles's book, Frances's dress, the roup of words treated as one nan of the possessive is added to the last word only; as, _Charles and John's mother_ (the mother of both Charles and John), _Brown and Smith's store_ (the store of the firm Brown & Smith)

5 Where the succession of possessives is unpleasant or confusing, the substitution of a prepositional phrase should be made; as, _the house of the mother of Charles's partner_, instead of, _Charles's partner's n of the possessive should be used with the word i possessed; as, _Father and mother's house, Smith, the lawyer's, office, The Senator fro inanimate objects should not be used in the possessive case It is better to say _the hands of the clock_ than _the clock's hands_

NOTE--One should say _somebody else's_, not _somebody's else_