Part 15 (1/2)

1 Powell Survey, Letters Received, VIII, No. 233. Powell Survey, Letters Received, VIII, No. 233.

2 Abram Hewitt, ”Consolidating the Western Surveys.” Abram Hewitt, ”Consolidating the Western Surveys.”

3 F. V. Hayden, Personal Letters Received, contains numerous reports from Packard and Pearson indicating that they had their ears (very unsuccessfully) to the ground. Darrah reprints several, all showing that Hayden's scouts did not fear Powell, knew nothing of what he was up to, considered King the strongest opposition, but thought Hayden held a very strong position. Darrah, F. V. Hayden, Personal Letters Received, contains numerous reports from Packard and Pearson indicating that they had their ears (very unsuccessfully) to the ground. Darrah reprints several, all showing that Hayden's scouts did not fear Powell, knew nothing of what he was up to, considered King the strongest opposition, but thought Hayden held a very strong position. Darrah, Powell of the Colorado, Powell of the Colorado, p. 247. p. 247.

4 Powell Survey, Letters Sent, II, Nos. 982, 983, 984-5. Powell Survey, Letters Sent, II, Nos. 982, 983, 984-5.

5 Smith, Smith, Virgin Land, Virgin Land, esp. pp. 165-200. esp. pp. 165-200.

6 The historical development of the garden-myth of the West, from F. V. Hayden's 1867 guess that timber would increase on the plains following settlement, to the full elaboration of the theory by Samuel Aughey and Charles Dana Wilber, both chiefs of the tribe of Gilpin, is traced in detail in Henry Nash Smith, ”Rain Follows the Plow: the Notion of Increased Rainfall for the Great Plains, 1844-1880,” The historical development of the garden-myth of the West, from F. V. Hayden's 1867 guess that timber would increase on the plains following settlement, to the full elaboration of the theory by Samuel Aughey and Charles Dana Wilber, both chiefs of the tribe of Gilpin, is traced in detail in Henry Nash Smith, ”Rain Follows the Plow: the Notion of Increased Rainfall for the Great Plains, 1844-1880,” Huntington Library Quarterly, Huntington Library Quarterly, X (1947), 169-93, and summarized in X (1947), 169-93, and summarized in Virgin Land, Virgin Land, pp. 179-83. It was Wilber, a speculator and town-builder, who coined the slogan, ”Rain follows the Plow,” which, corroborated by Cyrus Thomas, did incalculable damage to western agricultural resources by encouraging grain farming where it should never have been attempted. pp. 179-83. It was Wilber, a speculator and town-builder, who coined the slogan, ”Rain follows the Plow,” which, corroborated by Cyrus Thomas, did incalculable damage to western agricultural resources by encouraging grain farming where it should never have been attempted.

7 As I have pointed out earlier (in Part I, Chapter I, note 4), even a supposedly sober historian, Reuben Gold Thwaites, raised Gilpin to 200,000,000, as late as 1904. Malthus was not a popular scholar in the eighteen-seventies. Henry George attacked his views, Spencer Baird demonstrated that an acre of sea was ten times as productive of human food as an acre of land, the Midwest looked at its crops and bet its pile on the future. As I have pointed out earlier (in Part I, Chapter I, note 4), even a supposedly sober historian, Reuben Gold Thwaites, raised Gilpin to 200,000,000, as late as 1904. Malthus was not a popular scholar in the eighteen-seventies. Henry George attacked his views, Spencer Baird demonstrated that an acre of sea was ten times as productive of human food as an acre of land, the Midwest looked at its crops and bet its pile on the future.

8 Congressional Record, VIII, Part 3, 45th Cong., 3rd Sess. Congressional Record, VIII, Part 3, 45th Cong., 3rd Sess.

9 20 Stat. 20 Stat. L, p. 394, March 3, 1879. L, p. 394, March 3, 1879.

10 Known as the Bureau of American Ethnology after 1894. Known as the Bureau of American Ethnology after 1894.

11 Pilling to E. E. Howell, March 17, 1879, Pilling to J. J. Stevenson, April 1, 1879, Powell Survey, Letters Sent, III, Nos. 379, 380. Pilling to E. E. Howell, March 17, 1879, Pilling to J. J. Stevenson, April 1, 1879, Powell Survey, Letters Sent, III, Nos. 379, 380.

12 Powell Survey, Letters Received, IX, No. 316. Powell Survey, Letters Received, IX, No. 316.

13 The The Education of Henry Adams, Education of Henry Adams, pp. 294-95, 322. pp. 294-95, 322.

14 As late as 1885, when he published his volume As late as 1885, when he published his volume Facts Concerning the Origin, Organization, Administration, Functions, History, and Progress of the Princ.i.p.al Government Land and Marine Surveys of the World Facts Concerning the Origin, Organization, Administration, Functions, History, and Progress of the Princ.i.p.al Government Land and Marine Surveys of the World (extracted from the report on the Third International Geographical Congress and Exhibition to which he was a commissioner and delegate), Wheeler was still ran corously a.s.serting the right of the War Department to conduct western topographical surveys, a right interrupted by ”the temporarily successful claim of certain geologists to the control of Government topographical map work” (p. 489). (extracted from the report on the Third International Geographical Congress and Exhibition to which he was a commissioner and delegate), Wheeler was still ran corously a.s.serting the right of the War Department to conduct western topographical surveys, a right interrupted by ”the temporarily successful claim of certain geologists to the control of Government topographical map work” (p. 489).

15 This report actually took two forms. The first was the This report actually took two forms. The first was the Report of the Public Lands Commission, Created by the Act of March 3, 1879, Relating to Public Lands in the Western Portion of the United States and to the Operation of Existing Land Laws Report of the Public Lands Commission, Created by the Act of March 3, 1879, Relating to Public Lands in the Western Portion of the United States and to the Operation of Existing Land Laws (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1880). The second was Thomas Donaldson's (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1880). The second was Thomas Donaldson's The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1884), which utilized and elaborated the commission's findings. (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1884), which utilized and elaborated the commission's findings.

16 Hilgard to Powell, December 12, 1878, Powell Survey, Letters Received, VII, No. 216. Hilgard to Powell, December 12, 1878, Powell Survey, Letters Received, VII, No. 216.

17 On the founding of the Cosmos Club, On the founding of the Cosmos Club, see The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Cosmos Club of Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C., with a doc.u.mentary history of the club from its organization to November 16, 1903 see The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Cosmos Club of Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C., with a doc.u.mentary history of the club from its organization to November 16, 1903 (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1904). (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1904).

IV. THE REVENUE OF NEW DISCOVERY.

1.

1 The Education of Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, p. 346. p. 346.

2 My discussion of King is based primarily upon Harry Crosby, ”So Deep a Trail,” the My discussion of King is based primarily upon Harry Crosby, ”So Deep a Trail,” the Clarence King Memoirs, Clarence King Memoirs, the letter files of the United States Geological Survey and of the King, Hayden, and Powell Surveys, the letter files of the United States Geological Survey and of the King, Hayden, and Powell Surveys, The Education of Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, the letters of Henry and Mrs. Henry Adams, and the King Papers (Hague Collection) in the Henry E. Huntington Library. the letters of Henry and Mrs. Henry Adams, and the King Papers (Hague Collection) in the Henry E. Huntington Library.

3 The Education of Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, p. 311. p. 311.

4 Ibid., Ibid., pp. 294-95. pp. 294-95.

5 United States Geological Survey, United States Geological Survey, 1st Annual Report, 1st Annual Report, 1880, pp. 3-4. 1880, pp. 3-4.

6 United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1879, Nos. 91, 109, 111; 1880, No. 10. United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1879, Nos. 91, 109, 111; 1880, No. 10.

7 United States Geological Survey, United States Geological Survey, 1st Annual Report, 1st Annual Report, pp. 5-6. pp. 5-6.

8 United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1879, No. 91. United States Geological Survey, Letters Sent, 1879, No. 91.

9 Ibid., Ibid., 1880, No. 30. 1880, No. 30.

10 Ward Thoron, Ward Thoron, Letters Letters of of Mrs. Henry Adams, Mrs. Henry Adams, p. 278. p. 278.

11 The The Education of Education of Henry Adams, pp. 312-13. Henry Adams, pp. 312-13.

12 Harold Dean Cater, Henry Adams Harold Dean Cater, Henry Adams and and His His Friends, Friends, pp. 83-5, 86, letters to Morgan dated July 14, 1877, and June 3, 1878. pp. 83-5, 86, letters to Morgan dated July 14, 1877, and June 3, 1878.

2.

1 The ”pentalogic” divisions of the Science of Man were first elaborated in five essays in The ”pentalogic” divisions of the Science of Man were first elaborated in five essays in The American Anthropologist, The American Anthropologist, n.s., I, II, and III, (1899-1901). These were reprinted in the 19th and 20th n.s., I, II, and III, (1899-1901). These were reprinted in the 19th and 20th Annual Reports Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology. of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

2 Developed in Lewis H. Morgan, Developed in Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society Ancient Society (New York, 1877). (New York, 1877).

3 Thus the Thus the Weekly People, Weekly People, official organ of the Socialist Labor Party, devoted much of its issue of November 26, 1938, to a discussion of Morgan, and advertised official organ of the Socialist Labor Party, devoted much of its issue of November 26, 1938, to a discussion of Morgan, and advertised Ancient Society Ancient Society as ”a companion work to Marx's as ”a companion work to Marx's Capital.” Capital.”

4 In ”From Savagery to Barbarism.” In ”From Savagery to Barbarism.”

5 He stated and restated the ”immeasurable difference” between animal and human evolution, insisting that human evolution is intellectual and no longer biotic. See ”Human Evolution,” He stated and restated the ”immeasurable difference” between animal and human evolution, insisting that human evolution is intellectual and no longer biotic. See ”Human Evolution,” Transactions of the Anthropological Society of Was.h.i.+ngton, Transactions of the Anthropological Society of Was.h.i.+ngton, II (1883), 176-208; ”Darwin's Contributions to Philosophy,” II (1883), 176-208; ”Darwin's Contributions to Philosophy,” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Was.h.i.+ngton, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Was.h.i.+ngton, I (1882), 60-70 (also in I (1882), 60-70 (also in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, XXV); ”The Three Methods of Evolution,” XXV); ”The Three Methods of Evolution,” Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Was.h.i.+ngton, Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Was.h.i.+ngton, VI (1884), 27-52; and ”Relation of Primitive Peoples to Environment, Ill.u.s.trated by American Examples,” VI (1884), 27-52; and ”Relation of Primitive Peoples to Environment, Ill.u.s.trated by American Examples,” Smithsonian Report, Smithsonian Report, 1895, pp. 625-37. 1895, pp. 625-37.

6 ”On the Evolution of Language, as exhibited in the specialization of the grammatic processes, the differentiation of the parts of speech and the integration of the sentence; from a study of the Indian Languages,” Bureau of Ethnology, ”On the Evolution of Language, as exhibited in the specialization of the grammatic processes, the differentiation of the parts of speech and the integration of the sentence; from a study of the Indian Languages,” Bureau of Ethnology, 1 1st Annual Report, Annual Report, 1881, pp. 1-16. 1881, pp. 1-16.

7 R. H. Gabriel, R. H. Gabriel, The Course of American Democratic Thought The Course of American Democratic Thought (New York, 1940). (New York, 1940).

8 The vital - or lethal - influence of trade upon some of the Indian cultures is traced in Bernard DeVoto, The vital - or lethal - influence of trade upon some of the Indian cultures is traced in Bernard DeVoto, The Course of Empire, The Course of Empire, pp. 90-96. pp. 90-96.

9 Both Gallatin and Powell doubted the common a.s.sertion that the Indian race was being swiftly exterminated. See Powell, ”Are Our Indians Becoming Extinct?” Both Gallatin and Powell doubted the common a.s.sertion that the Indian race was being swiftly exterminated. See Powell, ”Are Our Indians Becoming Extinct?” Forum, Forum, XV (May, 1893), 343-54. XV (May, 1893), 343-54.

10 Bureau of American Ethnology, 24th Bureau of American Ethnology, 24th Annual Report, 1902-3, Annual Report, 1902-3, p. 37. p. 37.