Part 12 (2/2)

13 Bradley, Journal, August 10, 1869. Bradley, Journal, August 10, 1869.

14 Ibid. Ibid.

15 Sumner, Journal, August 10, 1869. Sumner, Journal, August 10, 1869.

16 Bradley, Journal, August 11, 1869. Bradley, Journal, August 11, 1869.

17 Though the name ”Grand Canyon” was in use before his expedition, Ives used the name ”Big Canyon” in his report and map. Powell chose to return to ”Grand Canyon,” and his choice has stuck. Though the name ”Grand Canyon” was in use before his expedition, Ives used the name ”Big Canyon” in his report and map. Powell chose to return to ”Grand Canyon,” and his choice has stuck.

18 Powell, Powell, Exploration, Exploration, p. 80. p. 80.

19 Jacob Hamblin, Henry Miller, and Jesse Crosby, three Mormons, took a sixteen-foot skiff from the foot of Grand Wash Cliffs to Call's Landing, later Callville, in 1867. In his Jacob Hamblin, Henry Miller, and Jesse Crosby, three Mormons, took a sixteen-foot skiff from the foot of Grand Wash Cliffs to Call's Landing, later Callville, in 1867. In his Exploration, Exploration, Powell says ( p. 102) that he had the ma.n.u.script journal of that two-day trip with him on his own, so that he had fairly accurate information about the river below the Grand Wash. No copy of the Hamblin-Miller-Crosby journal is now known to exist. All of this stretch of river, which before Powell had been traversed by Ives, Hamblin, and probably James White, is now under Lake Mead. See Powell says ( p. 102) that he had the ma.n.u.script journal of that two-day trip with him on his own, so that he had fairly accurate information about the river below the Grand Wash. No copy of the Hamblin-Miller-Crosby journal is now known to exist. All of this stretch of river, which before Powell had been traversed by Ives, Hamblin, and probably James White, is now under Lake Mead. See Utah Historical Quarterly, Utah Historical Quarterly, XV, 71, note. XV, 71, note.

12.

1 In practice, the moving power of a stream is conditioned by numerous unpredictable factors such as the smoothness of the bed, the straightness of the course, and so on. An early and extremely lucid discussion of the corrasive and moving power of streams is in G. K. Gilbert, In practice, the moving power of a stream is conditioned by numerous unpredictable factors such as the smoothness of the bed, the straightness of the course, and so on. An early and extremely lucid discussion of the corrasive and moving power of streams is in G. K. Gilbert, Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains, Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains, in which Gilbert develops many observations first made by Powell himself. in which Gilbert develops many observations first made by Powell himself.

2 Evidence of the morbid effect of being confined in the dark and narrow inner canyon is contained in most of the river journals. The Evidence of the morbid effect of being confined in the dark and narrow inner canyon is contained in most of the river journals. The imaginary imaginary effects upon people who have not been there or who let their imaginations run free are much more extreme, as in many of the early canyon ill.u.s.trations, where towering height, acute narrowness, and cavernous darkness are wildly exaggerated. In this key, simply as random examples, see the picture of James White losing his companion, George Strole, in Bell, effects upon people who have not been there or who let their imaginations run free are much more extreme, as in many of the early canyon ill.u.s.trations, where towering height, acute narrowness, and cavernous darkness are wildly exaggerated. In this key, simply as random examples, see the picture of James White losing his companion, George Strole, in Bell, New Tracks in North America; New Tracks in North America; or the ill.u.s.trations made by F. W. von Egloffstein for the Ives report - the first pictures made of the Grand Canyon - which are reproduced elsewhere in this book; or Frederick Dellenbaugh's painting, ”Running the Sockdologer,” reproduced in his or the ill.u.s.trations made by F. W. von Egloffstein for the Ives report - the first pictures made of the Grand Canyon - which are reproduced elsewhere in this book; or Frederick Dellenbaugh's painting, ”Running the Sockdologer,” reproduced in his Romance of the Colorado River, Romance of the Colorado River, p. 329; or many of the Thomas Moran woodcuts ill.u.s.trating Powell's p. 329; or many of the Thomas Moran woodcuts ill.u.s.trating Powell's Exploration of the Colorado River of the West. Exploration of the Colorado River of the West.

3 Bradley, Journal, August 22, 1869. Bradley several times remarks how much farther it is from the Little Colorado to Grand Wash than they expected it to be from Mormon estimates. The reason is simply that through the plateaus into which it has cut the Grand Canyon the Colorado runs a very tortuous course. At its junction with the Little Colorado it is flowing almost due south; it shortly swings west, then northwest, then almost south again, then north, then again west, then southwest, then south, and then, with many minor twists, northwest to its break out of the Grand Wash Cliffs. Bradley, Journal, August 22, 1869. Bradley several times remarks how much farther it is from the Little Colorado to Grand Wash than they expected it to be from Mormon estimates. The reason is simply that through the plateaus into which it has cut the Grand Canyon the Colorado runs a very tortuous course. At its junction with the Little Colorado it is flowing almost due south; it shortly swings west, then northwest, then almost south again, then north, then again west, then southwest, then south, and then, with many minor twists, northwest to its break out of the Grand Wash Cliffs.

4 They seem to have had no special trouble with Dubendorff Rapid, a mile below the end of the Middle Granite Gorge, though it is held by modem boatmen to be one of the twenty stiffest on the river. They seem to have had no special trouble with Dubendorff Rapid, a mile below the end of the Middle Granite Gorge, though it is held by modem boatmen to be one of the twenty stiffest on the river.

5 Stanton thought this rapid the worst on the entire Colorado, but Julius Stone, on his excursion in 1909 (Julius F. Stone, Stanton thought this rapid the worst on the entire Colorado, but Julius Stone, on his excursion in 1909 (Julius F. Stone, Canyon Country Canyon Country [New York, 1932]), found it neither so rough as Powell's report had led him to expect, nor obscured by any turns. Except for a brief time when a flood scoured it out in 1952, the rapid has long been buried under Lake Mead silt, but photographs taken before the lake filled in show it as a straight reach with a creek coming in on each side to form an almost perfect cross. It was up the northern cross canyon that the Howlands and Dunn made their way out onto the s.h.i.+vwits Plateau. Powell's statement that after running the rapid they were out of sight of the three men is certainly an error - an error which is perhaps less d.a.m.ning if we remember that Powell's notes by this time were almost in code, and that he never saw this rapid again, since the second Powell expedition left the river at Kanab Wash. Stone, a contentious and literal-minded man, was undoubtedly right in rejecting some of Powell's detailed statements of fact; he was undoubtedly wrong in others, for he was himself deceived by the profound changes that a difference in water level can make in the canyons. Otis Marston's investigations of river history have indicated that Separation, while it existed, capsized more boats than any other on the river. (Letter of February 6, 1953.) [New York, 1932]), found it neither so rough as Powell's report had led him to expect, nor obscured by any turns. Except for a brief time when a flood scoured it out in 1952, the rapid has long been buried under Lake Mead silt, but photographs taken before the lake filled in show it as a straight reach with a creek coming in on each side to form an almost perfect cross. It was up the northern cross canyon that the Howlands and Dunn made their way out onto the s.h.i.+vwits Plateau. Powell's statement that after running the rapid they were out of sight of the three men is certainly an error - an error which is perhaps less d.a.m.ning if we remember that Powell's notes by this time were almost in code, and that he never saw this rapid again, since the second Powell expedition left the river at Kanab Wash. Stone, a contentious and literal-minded man, was undoubtedly right in rejecting some of Powell's detailed statements of fact; he was undoubtedly wrong in others, for he was himself deceived by the profound changes that a difference in water level can make in the canyons. Otis Marston's investigations of river history have indicated that Separation, while it existed, capsized more boats than any other on the river. (Letter of February 6, 1953.) 6 Bradley, Journal, August 27, 1869. Bradley, Journal, August 27, 1869.

7 The only corroboration for this dramatic story of Powell's is in Hawkins' reminiscences, notoriously unreliable and written down years later, after he could have read the Powell report and could easily have confused details in it with things actually remembered. Nevertheless, Hawkins does report that Powell got stuck on a cliff and had to be rescued by oars pressed into crevices so as to afford him a foothold. The difficulty is that Hawkins places the incident far back in the Canyon of Lodore, on the day when Powell was on the cliff and the camp was swept by a flash fire, the day when Hawkins lost most of the messkit in the Green. It is conceivable that Hawkins was right, and that Powell deliberately moved the story for dramatic effect to a more climactic place in his narrative. But Hawkins within two lines of telling this story has jumped from Lodore to the junction of Grand and Green, and is so obviously scrambling his memories that his account is worth very little. The only corroboration for this dramatic story of Powell's is in Hawkins' reminiscences, notoriously unreliable and written down years later, after he could have read the Powell report and could easily have confused details in it with things actually remembered. Nevertheless, Hawkins does report that Powell got stuck on a cliff and had to be rescued by oars pressed into crevices so as to afford him a foothold. The difficulty is that Hawkins places the incident far back in the Canyon of Lodore, on the day when Powell was on the cliff and the camp was swept by a flash fire, the day when Hawkins lost most of the messkit in the Green. It is conceivable that Hawkins was right, and that Powell deliberately moved the story for dramatic effect to a more climactic place in his narrative. But Hawkins within two lines of telling this story has jumped from Lodore to the junction of Grand and Green, and is so obviously scrambling his memories that his account is worth very little.

8 Bradley, Journal, August 27, 1869. Bradley, Journal, August 27, 1869.

9 Ibid. Ibid.

10 Powell, Powell, Exploration, Exploration, pp. 98-9. pp. 98-9.

11 Bradley, Journal, August 28, 1869. Bradley, Journal, August 28, 1869.

12 There is little point in dragging a reader through the dreary controversy over the precise status in history of the three who left the party. Powell himself never called them deserters, and in his report spoke of them as ”faithful men.” Much of the debate was stirred up by the omission of the names of the three from the Powell monument on the south rim of the Grand Canyon - an omission which, however unfortunate, can hardly be blamed upon Powell, since he had been a dozen years dead when the monument was unveiled. There is little point in dragging a reader through the dreary controversy over the precise status in history of the three who left the party. Powell himself never called them deserters, and in his report spoke of them as ”faithful men.” Much of the debate was stirred up by the omission of the names of the three from the Powell monument on the south rim of the Grand Canyon - an omission which, however unfortunate, can hardly be blamed upon Powell, since he had been a dozen years dead when the monument was unveiled.

13 Powell's detractors, concentrating on the details, in which he was sometimes unmistakably inaccurate, have questioned his statement that the party waited and shot off guns to see if the three would not rejoin them. Both Powell's account in Bell's Powell's detractors, concentrating on the details, in which he was sometimes unmistakably inaccurate, have questioned his statement that the party waited and shot off guns to see if the three would not rejoin them. Both Powell's account in Bell's New Tracks in North America New Tracks in North America and his and his Exploration Exploration say that they waited two hours. Sumner's journal mentions no wait. Bradley's, probably the most reliable, says, ”The three boys stood on the cliff looking at us [while the party was bailing out after running Separation Rapid] and having waved them adieu we dashed through the next rapid and then into an eddy where we stopped to catch our breath and bail out the water from our now nearly sunken boats.” It was perhaps to this second wait, still within range of the three if they wanted to rejoin the boat party, that Powell referred, though from Bradley's record it would not seem to have lasted anything like two hours. say that they waited two hours. Sumner's journal mentions no wait. Bradley's, probably the most reliable, says, ”The three boys stood on the cliff looking at us [while the party was bailing out after running Separation Rapid] and having waved them adieu we dashed through the next rapid and then into an eddy where we stopped to catch our breath and bail out the water from our now nearly sunken boats.” It was perhaps to this second wait, still within range of the three if they wanted to rejoin the boat party, that Powell referred, though from Bradley's record it would not seem to have lasted anything like two hours.

14 Powell, Journal, August 28, 1869. Powell, Journal, August 28, 1869.

15 This was Lava Cliff, which according to Otis Marston was briefly uncovered in 1952 by the same flood that scoured out Separation Rapid. It seems to have been more scary than dangerous. (Letter of February 6, 1953.) This was Lava Cliff, which according to Otis Marston was briefly uncovered in 1952 by the same flood that scoured out Separation Rapid. It seems to have been more scary than dangerous. (Letter of February 6, 1953.) 16 Omaha Omaha Republican, Republican, September 16, 1869. September 16, 1869.

II. THE PLATEAU PROVINCE.

I.

1 In attempting to appraise the relations.h.i.+p of Was.h.i.+ngton as scientific center with the West as scientific frontier I have naturally relied heavily upon the many series of government scientific publications of the eighteen-seventies and eighteen-eighties. These include the reports, monographs, and bulletins of the King, Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler Surveys (see L. F. Schmeckebier, In attempting to appraise the relations.h.i.+p of Was.h.i.+ngton as scientific center with the West as scientific frontier I have naturally relied heavily upon the many series of government scientific publications of the eighteen-seventies and eighteen-eighties. These include the reports, monographs, and bulletins of the King, Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler Surveys (see L. F. Schmeckebier, Catalogue and Index of the Publications of the Hayden, King, Powell, and Wheeler Surveys, Catalogue and Index of the Publications of the Hayden, King, Powell, and Wheeler Surveys, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 222 [Was.h.i.+ngton, 1904]); the Annual Reports, beginning in 1879 in each case, of the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology; the United States Geological Survey Bulletin 222 [Was.h.i.+ngton, 1904]); the Annual Reports, beginning in 1879 in each case, of the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology; the Contributions to North American Ethnology Contributions to North American Ethnology begun under the Powell Survey and completed under the Bureau of Ethnology; the monographs of the Bureau of Ethnology and the United States Geological Survey; the Annual Reports of the General Land Office; and certain reports of the Office of Indian Affairs, especially J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls, begun under the Powell Survey and completed under the Bureau of Ethnology; the monographs of the Bureau of Ethnology and the United States Geological Survey; the Annual Reports of the General Land Office; and certain reports of the Office of Indian Affairs, especially J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls, Report of Special Commissioners on the Condition of the Ute Indians of Utah; the Paiutes of Utah, northern Arizona, southern Nevada, and southeastern California; the Go-si-utes of Utah and Nevada; the northwestern Shoshones of Idaho and Utah; and the westem Shoshones of Nevada, and report concerning claims of settlers in the Mo-a-pa Valley, southeastern Nevada. Report of Special Commissioners on the Condition of the Ute Indians of Utah; the Paiutes of Utah, northern Arizona, southern Nevada, and southeastern California; the Go-si-utes of Utah and Nevada; the northwestern Shoshones of Idaho and Utah; and the westem Shoshones of Nevada, and report concerning claims of settlers in the Mo-a-pa Valley, southeastern Nevada. Was.h.i.+ngton, 1874. The same Was.h.i.+ngton in which these reports and monographs and bulletins were prepared and pub lished is reflected in Henry Adams' Was.h.i.+ngton, 1874. The same Was.h.i.+ngton in which these reports and monographs and bulletins were prepared and pub lished is reflected in Henry Adams' Education Education and in his letters of the period (see Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., and in his letters of the period (see Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., Letters of Henry Adams, 1858-1891 Letters of Henry Adams, 1858-1891 [Boston, 1930], and Harold Dean Cater, [Boston, 1930], and Harold Dean Cater, Henry Henry Adams Adams and His Friends and His Friends [Boston, 1947]), as well as in his novel [Boston, 1947]), as well as in his novel Democracy Democracy (New York, 1908) and in the letters of his wife (Ward Thoron, (New York, 1908) and in the letters of his wife (Ward Thoron, Letters of Mrs. Henry Adams, Letters of Mrs. Henry Adams, 1865-1883 [Boston, 1936]). I have found extremely useful Allan Nevins' 1865-1883 [Boston, 1936]). I have found extremely useful Allan Nevins' Hamilton Fish, the Inner History of the Grant Administration Hamilton Fish, the Inner History of the Grant Administration (New York, 1936), and a number of other biographies and autobiographies, especially: Scbucbeit and LeVene, (New York, 1936), and a number of other biographies and autobiographies, especially: Scbucbeit and LeVene, O. C O. C. Marsh, Pioneerin Paleontology; Marsh, Pioneerin Paleontology; Allan Nevins, Allan Nevins, Abram S. Hewitt: with Some Account of Peter Cooper Abram S. Hewitt: with Some Account of Peter Cooper (New York, 1935); The Century a.s.sociation, (New York, 1935); The Century a.s.sociation, Clarence King Memoirs,: Clarence King Memoirs,: G. R. Aga.s.siz; ed., G. R. Aga.s.siz; ed., Letters and Recollections of Alexander Aga.s.siz, with a Sketch of His Life and Work Letters and Recollections of Alexander Aga.s.siz, with a Sketch of His Life and Work (Boston, 1913); Simon Newcomb, (Boston, 1913); Simon Newcomb, Reminiscences of an Astronomer Reminiscences of an Astronomer (Boston, 1903); N. S. Shaler, (Boston, 1903); N. S. Shaler, Autobiography Autobiography (Boston, 1909); G. R. Brown, ed., (Boston, 1909); G. R. Brown, ed., Reminiscences of William S. Stewart of Nevada Reminiscences of William S. Stewart of Nevada (New York, 1908); Carl Schurz, Reminiscences of (New York, 1908); Carl Schurz, Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, Carl Schurz, 3 vols. (New York, 1908); Joseph Schafer, 3 vols. (New York, 1908); Joseph Schafer, Carl Carl Schurz, Schurz, Militant Militant Liberal (Evansville, Wis., 1930); U. S. Grant, Liberal (Evansville, Wis., 1930); U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York, 1885-86); T. C. Smith, of U. S. Grant (New York, 1885-86); T. C. Smith, The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield, The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield, 2 vols. (New Haven, 1925). The general history of the period is best summarized in Allan Nevins, 2 vols. (New Haven, 1925). The general history of the period is best summarized in Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Modern America, The Emergence of Modern America, in in A History of American Life, Vol. VIII A History of American Life, Vol. VIII (New York, 1927); and E. P. Oberholtzer, (New York, 1927); and E. P. Oberholtzer, The History of the United States since the Civil War The History of the United States since the Civil War (Toronto, 1917-37). There is a very useful brief article, ”Science in Was.h.i.+ngton: A Historical Survey,” by Paul H. Oehser of the Smithsonian, in the American a.s.sociation for the Advancement of Science Centennial Program (Was.h.i.+ngton, August 26, 1948). And perhaps most revealing of all sources, though they are cited here only piecemeal as they happen to be used, are the extensive letter files of the various western surveys, the United States Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Ethnology, all in the National Archives, and other ma.n.u.script and letter material preserved in the libraries of the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology. Across a period of two or three decades, these letters give a peculiarly intimate cross-section of the ideas and personalities of American science. (Toronto, 1917-37). There is a very useful brief article, ”Science in Was.h.i.+ngton: A Historical Survey,” by Paul H. Oehser of the Smithsonian, in the American a.s.sociation for the Advancement of Science Centennial Program (Was.h.i.+ngton, August 26, 1948). And perhaps most revealing of all sources, though they are cited here only piecemeal as they happen to be used, are the extensive letter files of the various western surveys, the United States Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Ethnology, all in the National Archives, and other ma.n.u.script and letter material preserved in the libraries of the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology. Across a period of two or three decades, these letters give a peculiarly intimate cross-section of the ideas and personalities of American science.

2 Mark Twain, Letter to an unidentified person, 1890. In Bernard DeVoto, ed., Mark Twain, Letter to an unidentified person, 1890. In Bernard DeVoto, ed., The Portable Mark Twain The Portable Mark Twain (New York, 1946), p. 775. (New York, 1946), p. 775.

3 Henry Adams, Henry Adams, Democracy, an American Novel, Democracy, an American Novel, p. 10. p. 10.

2.

1 John Wesley Powell, John Wesley Powell, Report on the Geology of the Uinta Mountains, Report on the Geology of the Uinta Mountains, Chapter I. Chapter I.

2 The Plateau Province which Powell delimited was more precisely defined by Captain Clarence Edward Dutton in the course of his geological studies under Powell's direction. See especially Dutton, The Plateau Province which Powell delimited was more precisely defined by Captain Clarence Edward Dutton in the course of his geological studies under Powell's direction. See especially Dutton, Report of the Geology of the High Plateaus of Utah, Report of the Geology of the High Plateaus of Utah, Chapter I. Chapter I.

3 The history of the Spanish Southwest is a separate and extensive field of learning The history of the Spanish Southwest is a separate and extensive field of learning - - almost a separate religion almost a separate religion - - whose bibliography is far too large even to sample here. For Father Escalante's diary, the doc.u.ment which most centrally touches the region of Powell's interest, see Herbert E. Bolton, whose bibliography is far too large even to sample here. For Father Escalante's diary, the doc.u.ment which most centrally touches the region of Powell's interest, see Herbert E. Bolton, Pageant in the Wilderness Pageant in the Wilderness (Salt Lake City, 1950). (Salt Lake City, 1950).

4 Harrison Clifford Dale, Harrison Clifford Dale, The Ashley Smith Explorations. The Ashley Smith Explorations. One of the most vivid accounts of the mountain-man breed, though the book does not touch more than the fringes of the Plateau Province, is Bernard DeVoto's One of the most vivid accounts of the mountain-man breed, though the book does not touch more than the fringes of the Plateau Province, is Bernard DeVoto's Across the Wide Missouri. Across the Wide Missouri.

5 In Vol. XI of the In Vol. XI of the Pacific Railroad Reports, Pacific Railroad Reports, published in 1861. published in 1861.

6 It might be said to have begun with Columbus or even with Columbus' predecessors, for as Bernard DeVoto brilliantly demonstrates in It might be said to have begun with Columbus or even with Columbus' predecessors, for as Bernard DeVoto brilliantly demonstrates in The Course of Empire The Course of Empire (Boston, 1952), it is possible to look upon the opening of America as an episode in the search for the Great South Sea or the Northwest Pa.s.sage, and the events of America's westering as milestones on the road to Asia. He thus takes the Lewis and Clark expedition not so much as the beginning of something as the final act of a long historical drama. (Boston, 1952), it is possible to look upon the opening of America as an episode in the search for the Great South Sea or the Northwest Pa.s.sage, and the events of America's westering as milestones on the road to Asia. He thus takes the Lewis and Clark expedition not so much as the beginning of something as the final act of a long historical drama.

3.

1 Testifying before a House investigating committee in May, 1874, when the question of the consolidation of the surveys was up for consideration, Powell said that a member of the Appropriations Committee which had given him his first appropriation had been the cause of this error. ”A member of that committee asked me what was done with the collections. I told him that they went to the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, and I said that if there was any question about it, it might be inserted in the law. He said that he would have that attended to and he made a memorandum of it. It seems that afterwards, seeing this memorandum, that the collections were to go to the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, he accidentally sent my whole work there.” (House Report No. 612, 43rd Cong., 1st Sess., testimony on May 20, 1874). There is no reason to believe that Powell ever tried to correct the error, but one result of the 1874 investigation of the Western surveys was to send his outfit back to the Department of the Interior and make it a second but autonomous division of Hayden's Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. It remained under Interior until 1879, when the surveys were finally consolidated in the United States Geological Survey. Testifying before a House investigating committee in May, 1874, when the question of the consolidation of the surveys was up for consideration, Powell said that a member of the Appropriations Committee which had given him his first appropriation had been the cause of this error. ”A member of that committee asked me what was done with the collections. I told him that they went to the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, and I said that if there was any question about it, it might be inserted in the law. He said that he would have that attended to and he made a memorandum of it. It seems that afterwards, seeing this memorandum, that the collections were to go to the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, he accidentally sent my whole work there.” (House Report No. 612, 43rd Cong., 1st Sess., testimony on May 20, 1874). There is no reason to believe that Powell ever tried to correct the error, but one result of the 1874 investigation of the Western surveys was to send his outfit back to the Department of the Interior and make it a second but autonomous division of Hayden's Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. It remained under Interior until 1879, when the surveys were finally consolidated in the United States Geological Survey.

2 Bell, Bell, New Tracks in North America. New Tracks in North America.

3 J. W. Powell, ”The Personal Characteristics of Professor Baird,” J. W. Powell, ”The Personal Characteristics of Professor Baird,” Annual Report Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, 1888 (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1890), pp. 739-44. of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, 1888 (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1890), pp. 739-44.

4 There are brief biographical sketches of all these early members of the Powell Survey in the There are brief biographical sketches of all these early members of the Powell Survey in the Utah Historical Quarterly, Utah Historical Quarterly, XV, XVI, and XVII-the volumes in which many of the known journals of both river expeditions are reproduced. See also Frederick S. Dellenbaugh, XV, XVI, and XVII-the volumes in which many of the known journals of both river expeditions are reproduced. See also Frederick S. Dellenbaugh, A Canyon Voyage A Canyon Voyage (New York, 1908), a detailed account of the second trip. This was for many years the only published account of that trip except for Beaman's series of articles ent.i.tled ”The Canon of the Colorado and the Moqui Pueblos,” (New York, 1908), a detailed account of the second trip. This was for many years the only published account of that trip except for Beaman's series of articles ent.i.tled ”The Canon of the Colorado and the Moqui Pueblos,” Appleton's ]ournal, Appleton's ]ournal, XI (April-May, 1874). XI (April-May, 1874).

5 For a summary of the history and work of all these early surveys, see G. P. Merrill, For a summary of the history and work of all these early surveys, see G. P. Merrill, The First One Hundred Years of American Geology The First One Hundred Years of American Geology (New Haven, 1924), and C. L. and M. A. Fenton, (New Haven, 1924), and C. L. and M. A. Fenton, The Story of the Great Geologists The Story of the Great Geologists (New York, 1945). There is also much information as well as a judicious evaluation of the work of many western geologists in Herman LeRoy Fairchild, (New York, 1945). There is also much information as well as a judicious evaluation of the work of many western geologists in Herman LeRoy Fairchild, The Geological Society of America, 1888-1930 The Geological Society of America, 1888-1930 (New York, 1932). Fairchild concludes (p. 47), ”The explorations of the western part of America during the years 1867-1890, with the wonderful discoveries in structure, dynamics, and in the evolution of the vertebrates, probably make the most brilliant chapter in the entire history of geology.” Actually it was Powell, with his co-workers Gilbert and Dutton, who did the most enduring work in pure science, especially in physiography and geophysics. The geological work of both King and Hayden has suffered much more than theirs with time. (New York, 1932). Fairchild concludes (p. 47), ”The explorations of the western part of America during the years 1867-1890, with the wonderful discoveries in structure, dynamics, and in the evolution of the vertebrates, probably make the most brilliant chapter in the entire history of geology.” Actually it was Powell, with his co-workers Gilbert and Dutton, who did the most enduring work in pure science, especially in physiography and geophysics. The geological work of both King and Hayden has suffered much more than theirs with time.

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