Part 27 (1/2)

[598] Diod. x.x.xv. 26 [Greek: _ho Popillios meta dakruon hypo ton ochlon proepemphthae ekballomenos ek taes poleos_.] Cf. Plut. _C. Gracch_. 4.

[599] Vellei. ii. 7 Rupilium Popiliumque, qui consules asperrime in Tiberii Gracchi amicos saevierant, postea judiciorum publicorum merito oppressit invidia. It is a little difficult to harmonise Fannius's account of Rupilius's death (ap. Cic. _Tusc_. iv. 17.40) with this condemnation. Here Rupilius is said to have died of grief at his brother's failure to obtain the consuls.h.i.+p, and this failure happened before Scipio's death (Cic. _de Am_ 20.73). But his brother may have continued his unsuccessful efforts up to the time of Rupilius's condemnation.

[600] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 4 [Greek: _(nomon) eisephere ... ei tinos archontos aphaeraeto ton archaen ho daemos, ouk eonta touto deuteras archaes metousian einai_.] Cf. Diod. x.x.xv. 25. Magistrates who had been deposed, or compelled to abdicate, were known as _abacti_ (Festus p. 23 Abacti magistratus dicebantur, qui coacti deposuerant imperium).

[601] Plut. l.c.

[602] Diod. x.x.xv. 25 [Greek: _ho Grakchos daemaegoraesas peri tou katalysai aristokratian, daemokratian de systaesai, kai ephikomenos taes hapanton euchraestias ton meron, ouketi synagonistas alla kathaper authentas eiche toutous hyper taes idias tolmaes; dedekasmenos gar hekastos tais idiais elpisin hos hyper idion agathon ton eispheromenon nomon hetoimos haen panta kindynon hypomenein_.]

[603] Liv. _Ep_. xlviii (155 B.C.) c.u.m locatum a censoribus theatrum exstrueretur; P. Cornelio Nasica auctore, tanquam inutile et nociturum publicis moribus, ex senatus consulto destructum est, populusque aliquamdiu stans ludos spectavit.

[604] Liv. _Ep_. lx.; Oros. v. II; Nitzsch _Die Gracchen_ p. 393.

[605] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 5 [Greek: _ho de sitikos (nomos) epeuonizon tois penaesi taen agoran_.] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 21 [Greek: _sitaeresion hemmaenon horisas hekasto ton daemoton apo ton koinon chraematon, ou proteron eiothos diadidosthai_.] Vellei. ii. 6 Frumentum plebi dari inst.i.tuerat. Liv. _Ep_. lx Leges tulit, inter quas frumentariam, ut senis et triente frumentum plebi daretur. Schol. Bob.

p. 303 Ut senis aeris et trientibus modios singulos populus acciperet.

Cf. Mommsen _Die romischen Tribus_ pp. 179 and 182.

[606] Mommsen (_Hist. of Rome_ bk. iv. c. 3) considers it rather less than half. The average market-price of the _modius_ is difficult to fix.

A low price seems to have been about 12 a.s.ses the _modius_. See Smith and Wilkins in Smith _Dict. of _Antiq_. i. p. 877. For occasional sales below the market-price at an earlier period see Plin. _H.N_. xviii. 3.

17 M. Varro auctor est, c.u.m L. Metellus (cos. 251 B.C.) in triumpho plurimos duxit elephantos, a.s.sibus singulis farris modios fuisse.

[607] Cic. _Tusc. Disp_. iii. 20. 48 C. Gracchus, c.u.m largitiones maximas fecisset et effudisset aerarium, verbis ramen defendebat aerarium.

[608] Cic. _Tusc. Disp_. iii. 20. 48.

[609] Cic. _de Off_. ii. 21. 72 C. Gracchi frumentaria magna largitio; exhauriebat igitur aerarium: _pro Sest_. 48. 103 Frumentariam legem C.

Gracchus ferebat. Jucunda res plebei; victus enim suppeditabatur large sine labore. Cf. _Brut_. 62. 222. Diod. x.x.xv. 25 [Greek: _to koinon tamieion eis aischras kai akairous dapanas kai charitas a.n.a.liskon eis heauton pantas apoblepein epoiaese_.] Cf. Oros. v. 12.

[610] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 6 [Greek: _egrapse de kai ... kataskeuazesthai sitobolia_.] Festus p. 290 Semp.r.o.nia horrea qui locus dicitur, in eo fuerunt lege Gracchi, ad custodiam frumenti publici.

[611] This view is represented in a criticism preserved by Diodorus x.x.xv. 25 [Greek: _tois stratiotais dia ton nomon ta taes archaias agogaes austaera katacharisamenos apeithian kai anarchian eisaegagen eis taen politeian_].

[612] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 5 [Greek: _ho de stratiotikos (nomos) esthaeta te keleuon daemosia choraegeisthai kai maeden eis touto taes misthophoras hyphaireisthai ton stratenomenon_].

[613] [Greek: _kai neoteron eton heptakaideka mae katalegesthai stratiotaen_] (Plut. l.c.).

[614] Plut. l.c. [Greek: _ton de nomon ... ho men haen klaerouchikos hama nemon tois penaesi taen daemosian_.] Liv. _Ep_. lx Tulit ... legem agrariam, quam et frater ejus tulerat. Vellei. ii. 6 (C. Gracchus) dividebat agros, vetabat quemquam civem plus quingentis jugeribus habere, quod aliquando lege Licinia cautum erat. Cf. Cic. _de Leg. Agr_.

i. 7. 21; ii. 5. 10; Oros. v. 12; Florus ii. 3 (iii. 15).

[615] _Lex Agraria_ (C.I.L. i. n. 200; Bruns _Fontes_ 1. 3. 11) 1. 6.

See p. 113, note 2.

[616] In 125 B.C. the census had been 394, 726 (Liv. _Ep_. lx), in 115 it was 394, 336 (Liv. _Ep_. lxiii). See de Boor _Fasti Censorii_.

[617] Herzog _Staatsverf_. i. p. 466.

[618] In 142 B.C. (Cic. _de Fin_. ii. 16. 54).

[619] Polyb. vi. 14.

[620] Cic. _pro Mur_. 28. 58; _pro Font_. 13. 38; _Brut_. 21. 81; _Div.

in Caec_. 21. 69; Tac_. Ann_ 111. 66. Valerius Maximus (viii. 1. 11) can scarcely be correct in saying that the trial took place _apud populum_.