Part 9 (2/2)

The participle preterit or passive is often foriven, slain, known, froive, to slay, to know

Many words have two or more participles, as not only written, bitten, eaten, beaten, hidden, chidden, shotten, chosen, broken; but likerit, bit, eat, beat, hid, chid, shot, chose, broke, are promiscuously used in the participle, from the verbs to write, to bite, to eat, to beat, to hide, to chide, to shoot, to choose, to break, and many such like

In the same manner, sown, shewn, hewn, mown, loaden, laden, as well as sow'd, show'd, hew'd, mow'd, loaded, laded, from the verbs to sow, to show, to hew, tothese double participles it is difficult to give any rule; but he shall seldom err who remembers, that when a verb has a participle distinct from its preterit, as write, wrote, written, that distinct participle is ant, as The book is written, is better than The book is wrote Wrote however may be used in poetry; at least, if we allow any authority to poets, who, in the exultation of genius, think therammarians

There are other anoin, swi, swing, drink, sink, shrink, stink, corind, wind, both in the preterit iun, swu, swung, drunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk, coround, wound

And an, sang, rang, sprang, drank, came, ran, and some others; but most of these are now obsolete Some in the participle passive likewise take en, as stricken, strucken, drunken, bounden

2 Fight, teach, reach, seek, beseech, catch, buy, bring, think, work, ht, brought, thought, wrought

But a great ular form, as teached, reached, beseeched, catched, worked

3 Take, shake, forsake, wake, awake, stand, break, speak, bear, shear, swear, tear, wear, weave, cleave, strive, thrive, drive, shi+ne, rise, arise, set, forget, seethe, make in both preterit and participle took, shook, forsook, woke, awoke, stood, broke, spoke, bore, shore, swore, tore, wore, wove, clove, strove, throve, drove, shone, rose, arose, sot, sod But we say likewise, thrive, rise, smit, writ, abid, rid In the preterit some are likewise formed by a, as brake, spake, bare, share, sware, tare, ware, clave, gat, begat, forgat, and perhaps some others, but more rarely In the participle passive many of them are formed by en, as taken, shaken, forsaken, broken, spoken, born, shorn, sworn, torn, worn, woven, cloven, thriven, driven, risen, sotten, sodden And y in both, as waked, awaked, sheared, weaved, cleaved, abided, seethed

4 Give, bid, sit, ave, bade, sate; in the participle passive given, bidden, sitten; but in both bid

5 Draw, know, grow, throw, blow, crow like a cock, fly, slay, see, ly, rew, threw, blew, crew, flew, sle, lay; their participles passive by n, drawn, known, grown, thrown, blown, flown, slain, seen, lien, lain Yet froo, went, (froone

Of DERIVATION

That the English language may be more easily understood, it is necessary to inquire how its derivative words are deduced from their priuages

In this inquiry I shall sometimes copy Dr Wallis, and sometimes endeavour to supply his detects, and rectify his errours

Nouns are derived fro implied in the verb, as done or produced, is commonly either the present of the verb; as to love, love; to fright, a fright; to fight, a fight; or the preterit of the verb, as to strike, I strick or strook, a stroke

The action is the sa, striking

The agent, or person acting, is denoted by the syllable er added to the verb, as lover, frighter, striker

Substantives, adjectives, and soed into verbs: in which case the vowel is often lengthened, or the consonant softened; as, a house, to house; brass, to braze; glass, to glaze; grass, to graze; price, to prize; breath, to breathe; a fish, to fish; oil, to oil; further, to further; forward, to forward; hinder, to hinder

Sometimes the termination en is added, especially to adjectives; as, haste, to hasten; length, to lengthen; strength, to strengthen; short, to shorten; fast, to fasten; white, to whiten; black, to blacken; hard, to harden; soft, to soften

Fro the termination y: as a louse, lousy; wealth, wealthy; health, healthy; hty; worth, worthy; itty; lust, lusty; water, watery, earth, earthy; wood, (a wood) woody; air, airy; a heart, hearty; a hand, handy

Fro the ter abundance; as, joy, joyful; fruit, fruitful; youth, youthful; care, careful; use, useful; delight, delightful; plenty, plentiful; help, helpful

Sometimes in almost the same sense, but with some kind of di soamesome; irk, irksohtsome; hand, handsome; alone, lonesome; toil, toilsome