Part 55 (2/2)

=Newfoundland.= Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony was governed by the so-called ”Fis.h.i.+ng Admirals,” the most famous of whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of _A Discourse and Discoverie of Newfoundland_. French influence on the island dated from the founding of Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French squadron, in 1760. A Legislative a.s.sembly was granted to the colony in 1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success.

=Index=: =B= Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. =F= English settlements in, attacked, 46. =L= French successful in, 232. =Md= Withdraws from Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations unsuccessful, 146; fishery question, 303. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Prowse, _History of Newfoundland_; Reeves, _Governors of Newfoundland_; Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Hatton and Harvey, _Newfoundland_; Willson, _The Tenth Island_.

=New Langley.= =D= Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.

=New Ontario.= Includes that part of the province known as northern and north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the Albany River and James Bay on the north. =Bib.=: _North-Western Ontario, its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications_.

=New Orleans.= =Hd= Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; emba.s.sy to, 73; dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops to, 80, 81.

=New Westminster.= A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C.

Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868 the seat of government was removed to Victoria. =Index=: =D= Chosen as capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name, 247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247.

=Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=New York City.= =Hd= Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121; Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103, 107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British in, 252.

=New York State.= =Hd= Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; slow in joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, 215, 217; Indians migrate from, 258. =F= British colony, plan for conquest of, 231.

=Newark.= _See_ Niagara.

=Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of= (1811-1864).

Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in 1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. =Index=: =E= Secretary of state for colonies, 167. =Md= Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of Wales on his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston with Orange Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218.

=T= And Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation question, 64. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=News.= Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. =Index=: =Mc= Urges monument to Mackenzie, 521.

=Newspapers.= =Mc= Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to Mackenzie, 509-523. _See also_ under names of individual newspapers.

=Niagara= (=Newark=). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by Simcoe ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him Newark. The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The first public library in the province established in 1800. =Index=: =Bk= First seat of government of Upper Canada, 57. =S= First seat of government of Upper Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life at, 181. =L= Fort built at, 216. =Bib.=: Kirby, _Annals of Niagara_; _Reminiscences of Niagara_ (Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, _Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820_.

=Niagara Falls.= First described from actual observation by Father Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in Ragueneau's _Relation des Hurons,_ 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin.

=Bib.=: Hulbert, _Niagara River_; Spencer, _Falls of Niagara_.

=Niagara, Fort.= =S= Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on, 129; handed over to United States, 142. =Hd= Surrendered to British, 26; number of refugees at, 152. =Bk= Its history, 54-56; its transfer to United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by Fort George, 309.

=Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= Quartermaster-general of militia, Upper Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; supports Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.

=Nicholson, Sir Francis= (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army, 1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay, 1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a lieutenant-general. =Index=: =F= Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263; uprising against, 266. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_.

=Nicolet, Jean= (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to Canada, 1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette Island, on the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe two years; and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nip.i.s.sings, gaining so much of their confidence that he was made a member of the tribe and took part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, furnished to Father Le Jeune, were embodied in the _Jesuit Relations_.

Returned to Quebec, 1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met Champlain, who sent him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the same year, and ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The following year returned to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur trade, and interpreter at Three Rivers, till his death. =Index=: =Ch= Arrives in Canada, 144. =Bib.=: b.u.t.terfield, _Discovery of the North-West by Jean Nicolet_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Ninety-Two Resolutions.= =P= Drafted by Morin--embodied the grievances of Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer, 106. =BL= Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Nipigon Lake.= Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La Tourette, brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on or near the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Verendrye had charge of these forts in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information which induced him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In 1784 edouard Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a canoe route from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of his successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.

=Nipisiguit.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 235.

=Nip.i.s.sing Indians.= A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family, occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about Lake Nip.i.s.sing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls them the _Nebecerini_. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman mentions that they were also known as _Sorciers_, from their ill repute as magicians. =Index=: =Ch= Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77.

=Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of North American Indians_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

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