Part 43 (1/2)

What badge or sign orn by those who engaged in the Crusades?

They distinguished themselves by crosses of different colors, worn on their clothes; from which they took the name of Croises, or Cross-bearers; each nation wore different colors: for instance, the English had white crosses, the French red, and so on

To what invention is the art of Navigation much indebted?

To that of the Mariner's Co of the 14th century; and from this period may be dated the present perfection of this useful art

You have given ation in Southern Europe: did not the inhabitants of the North also turn their attention to it?

Yes: about the same time, a new society of merchants was formed in the northern parts, which not only carried coreatest perfection of which it was capable, till the discovery of the Indies, but also forulation

_Codes_, books or writings setting forth certain laws or rules respecting particular subjects; books of civil laws

Are Navigation and Commerce inseparably connected with each other?

It eneral maxim, that their union is so intimate, that the fall of one inevitably draws after it that of the other; and that they will always either flourish or decline togethersuccessively frouese and Spaniards, and frolish, Dutch, &c

_Maxim_, rule, an established principle

_Intimate_, close

_Inevitably_, without possibility of escape, unavoidably

CHAPTER XVIII

MUSIC, PAINTING, POETRY, ASTRONOMY, ARTS AND SCIENCES, ART OF WRITING, AND CHEMISTRY

What are the earliest accounts of Musical Instruments on record?

The earliest accounts of music which we possess are to be found in the Bible, in which the state of the world before the flood is noticed

Jubal is said to have been ”the father of thean;” but it is not to be supposed that these instruan of modern times Musical instruious services; and music was certainly employed by the Jews on s, at harvest home, and at festivals of all kinds

_Modern_, opposed to ancient, pertaining to the present ti, a feast, a season dedicated to mirth

What nation was particularly celebrated for yptians; ere so celebrated for their talents in uished philosophers of Greece braved ypt; and this, at a period when the Egyptians were far froh state of civilization as their forefathers had been in earlier tiypt have many accounts and representations of musical instruments, and remains of these have lately been discovered, so that we have ocular demonstration both of their existence and form