Part 13 (2/2)

[Footnote 270: Boeckh's arguments, denounced by Lewis, need not be adhered to; but the whole theorem is so fantastic that Lewis's general vindication of it is puzzling (Trans. pref. xv, _note_).]

[Footnote 271: See Hertzberg, _Geschichte Griechenlands unter der Herrschaft der Romer_, Theil ii, Kap. 2, p. 200, as to the vast estates now acquired by a few.]

[Footnote 272: In Magna Graecia, in particular, the whole Pythagorean movement had such a.s.sociations in a high degree. Note the frequency of names beginning anax (= king or chief) in the history of early Greek philosophy.]

[Footnote 273: Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 136.]

[Footnote 274: _Idem_, pp. 145-49; Gibbon, Bohn ed. iv, 352.]

[Footnote 275: _E.g._, the whole population of Corinth; and 150,000 inhabitants of Epirus.]

[Footnote 276: Cp. Finlay, i, 23.]

[Footnote 277: They exacted from Macedonia only half the tribute it had paid to its kings; but there is a strong presumption that it was too impoverished after the war to pay more.]

[Footnote 278: ”The extraordinary payments levied on the provinces soon equalled, and sometimes exceeded, the regular taxes” (Finlay, i, 39).

Cp. Mahaffy, _Greek World under Roman Sway_, pp. 145, 156, 159, 161, 162.]

[Footnote 279: Cp. Hertzberg, _Gesch. Griechenlands unter der Herrsch.

der Romer_, Th. i, Kap. 5, pp. 486-91.]

[Footnote 280: Finlay, i, 45, 46, 74.]

[Footnote 281: ”We stand [1st c. A.C.] before a decayed society of very rich men and slaves” (Mahaffy, _Greek World_, p. 268).]

[Footnote 282: Finlay, i, 73. But cp. Frazer, _Pausanias_, 1900, p. 4, as to the decay in the second century.]

[Footnote 283: This was soon withdrawn by Vespasian, but apparently with circ.u.mspection. In the first century A.C. the administration seems to have been unoppressive (Mahaffy, _Greek World_, pp. 233, 237).]

[Footnote 284: Hertzberg (_Gesch. Griechenlands unter der Herrschaft der Romer_, Th. ii, Kap. 2, p. 189) rejects the statement of Finlay that Greece reached the lowest degree of misery and depopulation under the Flavian emperors (”about the time of Vespasian” is the first expression in the revised ed. i, 80). But Finlay contradicts himself: cp. p. 66.

Hertzberg again (iii, 116) speaks of a ”furchtbar zunehmende sociale Noth des dritten Jahrhunderts” at Athens, without making the fact clear.

See below.]

[Footnote 285: This is noted by Finlay (i, 143) in regard to the later surrender of a large Mesopotamian territory by Jovian to Shapur II, when the whole Greek population of the ceded districts was forced to emigrate.]

[Footnote 286: Cp. Finlay, i, 264, 267-69.]

[Footnote 287: Finlay, i, 141. See p. 142 as to the recognition of the military importance of Greece by Julian.]

[Footnote 288: Cp. Finlay, i, 161. as to the ruin wrought at the end of the fourth century by Alaric; and pp. 253, 297, 303, 316, as to that wrought in the sixth century by Huns, Sclavonians, and Avars.]

[Footnote 289: Soteriaotai is one of the group-names preserved.]

[Footnote 290: They are already seen established in the laws of Solon.]

[Footnote 291: Foucart, _Des a.s.sociations religieuses chez les Grecs_, 1873, pp. 5-10.]

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