Part 2 (1/2)

13 Make a list of so phases of history: (_a_) Ancient; (_b_) Mediaeval and Modern; (_c_) English; (_d_) French; (_e_) American; (_f_) Civil Government

What would be your first and your second choices of texts in each of these six divisions, and why, specifically, would you h schools you have observed?

15 What school authorities ought to select the texts to be used in the high school? 16 How far have your observations in the high school been in accord with your ideals and theories with respect to the kinds and uses of historical ”material” of all kinds?

IV _Conceptions of the Purpose and Content of History_[1]

1 As polite literature: the Greek and Ro, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Livy, Sallust, Caesar, Tacitus

2 As annals and chronicles only: the Mediaeval idea, eg, Gregory of Tours, Froissart, Einhard

3 As a basis for govern literature: the Renaissance idea, eg, Machiavelli, Petrarch, Boccaccio

4 As a basis for theological dog, Luther, Melanchthon, and the Jesuits

5 As a basis for interpreting legal institutions and practices: the idea of the 17th century, eg, the Jurists

6 As a foundation for philosophical speculation and athe deeper influences that affect humanity and hence influence action and produce events: the idea of the 18th century, eg, Voltaire and Montesquieu [Voltaire held that human nature is the saht to judge historical events by abstract universal standards The ”natural man” was his ideal ht to show that events in history are but the manifestation of spiritual law, as revealed in conditions of cliraphy, soil, natural resources, racial temperament, etc]

7 As a foundation for personal reactions, eg, criticis, or as ly told: the idea of the early 19th century

8 History as science, ie, as explanatory of existing social institutions, customs, beliefs: the idea of the 20th century

[1] The funda has ever been the recording of events In addition, however, different ages have stressed other aims

V _Some Notable Influences and Persons that haveof History in the Last Century_

1 Romantic School (late 18th century and early 19th century), with its deep reverence for the Middle Ages Hence sympathetic treatment of history

2 Herder (1744-1803), with his philosophy of ”becoht to show that all events are but theto work out an ideal universe Hence all events ed by the standards of the tied by the characteristics of the age and people affected

3 Hegel (1770-1831) carried the theory of Herder to more complete conclusions

4 Niebuhr (1776-1831), ”one of the ists ofthe first to emphasize the need of a critical exa up the past out of these data

5 Ranke, Leopold von (1795-1886) His aim was to set before the reader the entire picture of events ”with their causes, relations, and consequences”

6 Guizot, Francois P G (1787-1874) His great influence was in extending the scope of history so as to include universal history, not merely national history, or the history of isolated and local events

7 Carlyle (1795-1881), through his keen insight into character and his love of hero-worshi+p, introduced the vividly realistic and picturesque element