Part 15 (2/2)
Page 80 Another a.n.a.lysis, of thousands of nurses: Matthias B. Schulze et al., ”Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women,” Matthias B. Schulze et al., ”Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women,” Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation 292, no. 8 (August 2004), 927-934. 292, no. 8 (August 2004), 927-934.
Page 80 ”might be the best single opportunity”: Caroline Apovian, ”Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes,” Caroline Apovian, ”Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes,” Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation 292, no. 8 (August 2004), 978-979. 292, no. 8 (August 2004), 978-979.
Page 80 study by Purdue University nutritionist: R. D. Mattes and D. P. DiMeglio, ”Liquid Versus Solid Carbohydrates: Effects on Food Intake and Body Weight,” R. D. Mattes and D. P. DiMeglio, ”Liquid Versus Solid Carbohydrates: Effects on Food Intake and Body Weight,” International Journal of Obesity International Journal of Obesity 24 (2000), 794-800; Brian Wansink, 24 (2000), 794-800; Brian Wansink, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (New York: Bantam, 2006), 239. (New York: Bantam, 2006), 239.
Page 80 fructose isn't broken down: George A. Bray, ”Diobesity: A Global Problem,” George A. Bray, ”Diobesity: A Global Problem,” International Journal of Obesity International Journal of Obesity 26 (2002), S63. 26 (2002), S63.
Page 80 turning directly into fat: Brownell and Horgen, 30; Sh.e.l.l, 214; Critser, 137-140; John P. Bantle et al., ”Effects of Dietary Fructose on Plasma Lipids in Healthy Subjects,” Brownell and Horgen, 30; Sh.e.l.l, 214; Critser, 137-140; John P. Bantle et al., ”Effects of Dietary Fructose on Plasma Lipids in Healthy Subjects,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (2000), 1128-1134. 72 (2000), 1128-1134.
Page 81 cells to become more resistant: Kaufman, Kaufman, Diabesity Diabesity, 29; Sharron Dalton, Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 37. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 37.
Page 81 name was changed to simply ”type-2 diabetes”: Kaufman, Kaufman, Diabesity Diabesity, 14.
Page 81 one in three one in three will become diabetic: will become diabetic: ”Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in United States,” ”Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in United States,” pany: Meet the Bloggers, featuring Marion Nestle, November 21, 2008, Meet the Bloggers, featuring Marion Nestle, November 21, 2008, meetthebloggers.org/show_112108.php; Marion Nestle, interview by the author.
Page 81 from 3,200 to 3,900 per capita: USDA Economic Research Service, Nutrient Availability Data, February 27, 2009; Marion Nestle, e-mail to the author. USDA Economic Research Service, Nutrient Availability Data, February 27, 2009; Marion Nestle, e-mail to the author.
Page 81 ”When you come in” . . . ”At the time . . . your kid is ugly”: Hank Cardello, interview by the author. Hank Cardello, interview by the author.
Page 82 to sweeten their diet beverages: ”Searle Sweetener Expands Its Market,” ”Searle Sweetener Expands Its Market,” New York Times New York Times, September 20, 1983.
Page 82 100 percent aspartame formula: ”c.o.ke Sweetener,” ”c.o.ke Sweetener,” New York Times New York Times, November 30, 1984; Pamela G. Hollie, ”Pepsi's Diet Soft Drinks Switched to NutraSweet,” New York Times New York Times, November 2, 1984.
Page 82 Complaints about the chemical more than doubled: Centers for Disease Control, ”Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use,” Centers for Disease Control, ”Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 33, no. 43 (November 2, 1984), 605-607. 33, no. 43 (November 2, 1984), 605-607.
Page 82 ”unless the CBS story s...o...b..lled”: Cardello, 133. Cardello, 133.
Page 82 concerns about aspartame of minor importance: Centers for Disease Control, ”Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use.” Centers for Disease Control, ”Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Related to Aspartame Use.”
Page 82 more than seven thousand complaints: ”Clearing Up the Newest Rumors About Aspartame Sweetener,” ”Clearing Up the Newest Rumors About Aspartame Sweetener,” Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, June 7, 1999.
Page 82 comprehensive, if controversial, study: Morando Soffritti et al., ”First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats,” Morando Soffritti et al., ”First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats,” Environmental Health Perspective Environmental Health Perspective 114, no. 3 (March 2006), 384-385. 114, no. 3 (March 2006), 384-385.
Page 82 FDA dismissed the study: Food and Drug Administration, ”FDA Statement on European Aspartame Study,” May 8, 2006. Food and Drug Administration, ”FDA Statement on European Aspartame Study,” May 8, 2006.
Page 82 sending representatives to lobby: ”Banning Aspartame in New Mexico,” ”Banning Aspartame in New Mexico,” Carlsbad Current-Argus Carlsbad Current-Argus, January 31, 2007.
Page 83 discovered excessive levels of benzene: Larry Alibrandi, former chemist at Cadbury-Schweppes, interview by the author. Larry Alibrandi, former chemist at Cadbury-Schweppes, interview by the author.
Page 83 reaction of . . . sodium benzoate with as...o...b..c acid: Lalita K. Gardner and Glen D. Lawrence, ”Benzene Production from Decarboxylation of Benzoic Acid in the Presence of As...o...b..c Acid and a Transition-Metal Catalyst,” Lalita K. Gardner and Glen D. Lawrence, ”Benzene Production from Decarboxylation of Benzoic Acid in the Presence of As...o...b..c Acid and a Transition-Metal Catalyst,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41, no. 5 (May 1993), 693-695. 41, no. 5 (May 1993), 693-695.
Page 83 more than 25 parts per billion: ”Project Denver” doc.u.ments provided by Larry Alibrandi. ”Project Denver” doc.u.ments provided by Larry Alibrandi.
Page 83 legal limit of 5 ppb: Environmental Protection Agency, ”Basic Information About Benzene in Drinking Water,” Environmental Protection Agency, ”Basic Information About Benzene in Drinking Water,” panies quietly reformulate: Food and Drug Administration, ”Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages,” Food and Drug Administration, ”Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages,” /organization_overview.cfm/o/13-center-for-science-in-the-public-interest.
Page 84 push to ban trans fats . . . calorie counts: Center for Science in the Public Interest, Trans Fat, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Trans Fat, pany puts profit”: U.S. Senate Report 103-300, Better Nutrition and Health for Children Act of 1994, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session, July 1, 1994. U.S. Senate Report 103-300, Better Nutrition and Health for Children Act of 1994, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session, July 1, 1994.
Page 91 so-called pouring-rights contracts . . . paid to the facility: Howard Goodman, ”One-Cola Pitch Sells on Campus,” Howard Goodman, ”One-Cola Pitch Sells on Campus,” Philadelphia Inquirer Philadelphia Inquirer, July 31, 1994; Chris Roush, ”Pepsi Deal Breaks Coca-Cola's NFL Monopoly,” Atlanta Journal-Const.i.tution Atlanta Journal-Const.i.tution, August 4, 1995.
Page 91 Woodland Hills, Pennsylvania, for example: ”School News,” ”School News,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 21, 1994.
Page 91 Sam Barlow High School: ”Pepsi, Please,” ”Pepsi, Please,” Oregonian Oregonian (Portland), October 30, 1998. (Portland), October 30, 1998.
Page 92 contract in DeKalb County: Elizabeth Lee, ”School Lunches: Good Choices? Soft Drink Sales Provide Big Revenues, Little Nutrition,” Elizabeth Lee, ”School Lunches: Good Choices? Soft Drink Sales Provide Big Revenues, Little Nutrition,” Atlanta Journal-Const.i.tution Atlanta Journal-Const.i.tution, May 5, 2003.
Page 92 ”c.o.ke Dude”: John Bushey, ”District 11's c.o.ke Problem,” John Bushey, ”District 11's c.o.ke Problem,” Harper's Harper's, February 1, 1999; Constance L. Hays, ”Today's Lesson: Soda Rights,” New York Times New York Times, May 21, 1999; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation, Fast Food Nation, 56-57. 56-57.
Page 92 c.o.ke sweetened the pot . . . ”They have become”: Sherri Day, ”c.o.ke Moves with Caution to Remain in Schools,” Sherri Day, ”c.o.ke Moves with Caution to Remain in Schools,” New York Times New York Times, September 3, 2003.
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