Part 15 (1/2)
Page 74 restrictive advertising agreements: Hays, 242-243. Hays, 242-243.
Page 74 Royal Crown Cola sued: Hays, 245. Hays, 245.
Page 74 difficulty meeting its high earnings expectations: Huey, ”The World's Best Brand CEO.” Huey, ”The World's Best Brand CEO.”
Page 74 less than 20 percent of Pepsi's business: ”Coca-Cola Boosts Water Sales, Still Trailing Pepsi,” Bloomberg News, August 20, 2006. ”Coca-Cola Boosts Water Sales, Still Trailing Pepsi,” Bloomberg News, August 20, 2006.
Page 74 more than 80 percent of its sales: Joe Guy Collier, ”Worldwide Sales a Tonic for c.o.ke,” Joe Guy Collier, ”Worldwide Sales a Tonic for c.o.ke,” Atlanta Journal-Const.i.tution Atlanta Journal-Const.i.tution, November 16, 2008.
Page 75 ”c.o.ke fiends” . . . overtly racist coverage: Allen, 46-47. Allen, 46-47.
Page 76 ”increased amounts of poisonous and toxic matters”: Harvey W. Wiley, Harvey W. Wiley, The History of a Crime Against the Food Law The History of a Crime Against the Food Law (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: Harvey W. Wiley, 1929), 29. (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: Harvey W. Wiley, 1929), 29.
Page 76 ”poison squad”: Wiley, 57-62. Wiley, 57-62.
Page 76 weren't exactly scientifically rigorous: Clayton A. Coppin and Jack High, Clayton A. Coppin and Jack High, The Politics of Purity: Harvey Was.h.i.+ngton Wiley and the Origins of Federal Food Policy The Politics of Purity: Harvey Was.h.i.+ngton Wiley and the Origins of Federal Food Policy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 55. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 55.
Page 76 went on the attack . . . self-promoter: Coppin and High, 3-5. Coppin and High, 3-5.
Page 76 nemesis, however, would be . . . railed against c.o.ke: Pendergrast, 115. Pendergrast, 115.
Page 77 addition of ”free caffeine” . . . neither coca leaves nor kola nut: Coppin and High, 142-145. Coppin and High, 142-145.
Page 77 couldn't be considered an additive: Coppin and High, 151. Coppin and High, 151.
Page 77 having left town . . . Wilson force him out: Allen, 62-64. Allen, 62-64.
Page 77 all the way up to the Supreme Court . . . c.o.ke's new formula: Pendergrast, 121-122. Pendergrast, 121-122.
Page 78 policy on Southwest Airlines: Charles Pa.s.sy, ”Little Wiggle Room for XXL Pa.s.sengers,” Charles Pa.s.sy, ”Little Wiggle Room for XXL Pa.s.sengers,” New York Times New York Times, October 15, 2006; Mich.e.l.le Higgins, ”Excuse Me, Is This Seat Taken?” New York Times New York Times, February 28, 2010.
Page 78 motorized carts Wal-Mart now offers: Michael Leahy, ”The Weight,” Michael Leahy, ”The Weight,” Was.h.i.+ngton Post Magazine Was.h.i.+ngton Post Magazine, July 18, 2004.
Page 78 from 14 percent . . . to 34 percent today: Katherine M. Flegal et al., ”Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008,” Katherine M. Flegal et al., ”Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008,” Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation 303, no. 3 (January 2010), 235-241. 303, no. 3 (January 2010), 235-241.
Page 78 some 75 million people: Calculated from U.S. Census, ”Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by s.e.x and Five-Year Age Groups for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NC-EST2008-01).” Calculated from U.S. Census, ”Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by s.e.x and Five-Year Age Groups for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NC-EST2008-01).”
Page 78 more than two-thirds of the adult U.S. population: Flegal et al., ”Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008.” Flegal et al., ”Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008.”
Page 78 increased risks for diseases: Flegal et al., ”Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008”; U.S. Surgeon General, ”Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences” (Rockville, MD, 2001). Flegal et al., ”Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008”; U.S. Surgeon General, ”Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences” (Rockville, MD, 2001).
Page 79 obese teenagers . . . obese children: Cynthia L. Ogden et al., ”Prevalence of High Body Ma.s.s Index in U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008,” Cynthia L. Ogden et al., ”Prevalence of High Body Ma.s.s Index in U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008,” Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation 303, no. 3 (2010), 242-249. 303, no. 3 (2010), 242-249.
Page 79 a 2006 conference in Boston: Public Health Advocacy Inst.i.tute, Fourth Annual Conference on Legal Approaches to the Obesity Epidemic, Northeastern University School of Law, November 3-5, 2006. Public Health Advocacy Inst.i.tute, Fourth Annual Conference on Legal Approaches to the Obesity Epidemic, Northeastern University School of Law, November 3-5, 2006.
Page 79 part of the equation is genetic: Kaufman, Kaufman, Diabesity Diabesity, 225-229; Kelly D. Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen, Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America's Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America's Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), 23; G. S. Barsh et al., ”Genetics of Body Weight Regulation,” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), 23; G. S. Barsh et al., ”Genetics of Body Weight Regulation,” Nature Nature 404 (2000), 644-651; J. Eric Oliver, 404 (2000), 644-651; J. Eric Oliver, Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind America's Obesity Epidemic Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind America's Obesity Epidemic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 105. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 105.
Page 79 increased prevalence of air-conditioning: David B. Allison et al., ”Putative Contributors to the Secular Increase in Obesity: Exploring the Roads Less Traveled,” David B. Allison et al., ”Putative Contributors to the Secular Increase in Obesity: Exploring the Roads Less Traveled,” International Journal of Obesity International Journal of Obesity 30 (2006), 1585-1594. 30 (2006), 1585-1594.
Page 79 nearly half the increase in calories: Centers for Disease Control, ”Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients-United States, 1971-2000,” February 4, 2004. Centers for Disease Control, ”Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients-United States, 1971-2000,” February 4, 2004.
Page 79 largest single single source of calories: source of calories: Mark Bittman, ”Soda: A Sin We Sip Instead of Smoke?” Mark Bittman, ”Soda: A Sin We Sip Instead of Smoke?” New York Times New York Times, February 12, 2010.
Page 79 team a.n.a.lyzing some thirty studies: Frank B. Hu et al., ”Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review,” Frank B. Hu et al., ”Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (2006), 274-288. 84 (2006), 274-288.
Page 79 followed five hundred eleven-year-olds: David S. Ludwig et al., ”Relation Between Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational a.n.a.lysis,” David S. Ludwig et al., ”Relation Between Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational a.n.a.lysis,” The Lancet The Lancet 357 (2001), 505-508. 357 (2001), 505-508.
Page 80 later study by Ludwig: David S. Ludwig et al., ”Effects of Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study,” David S. Ludwig et al., ”Effects of Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study,” Pediatrics Pediatrics 117, no. 3 (March 2006), 673-680; Melanie Warner, ”Soda Sales Fall for the First Time in 20 Years,” 117, no. 3 (March 2006), 673-680; Melanie Warner, ”Soda Sales Fall for the First Time in 20 Years,” New York Times New York Times, March 9, 2006.
Page 80 ”It's not the exceptional child”: David Ludwig, interview by the author. David Ludwig, interview by the author.