Part 11 (2/2)

[Ill.u.s.tration: 310]

[Ill.u.s.tration: 311]

In figure 309, an impression is shown which at first appears to be a loop. Closer inspection will show that one of the elements of the loop type is missing, namely, a ridge count across a looping ridge; for it is to be borne in mind that the recurve of the innermost loop should be free of appendages ab.u.t.ting between the shoulders at right angles.

The core, in this ill.u.s.tration, therefore, is placed where the appendage of the innermost loop touches the next ridge which is a good recurve. If an imaginary line is placed between delta and core, it will be seen that there are no intervening ridges; hence, there is no ridge count.

Figure 310 is a pattern which contains two elements of a loop but lacks the third. It is cla.s.sified as a tented arch. Thus an impression having a delta and a recurve, but not having a ridge count across a looping ridge, falls into this cla.s.sification.

It will be noticed that although this pattern has the resemblance of a plain arch, the center of the impression actually contains a partially formed loop. A recurving ridge enters from the right side and exits in the same direction. A delta also appears just below the recurve. In attempting to obtain a ridge count, it is seen that the imaginary line drawn between the delta and the core runs directly along the ridge emanating from the former and which is joined onto the side of the recurving ridge. For this reason, no ridge count is possible.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 312]

Figure 311 is a tented arch. There are three loop formations, each one of which is spoiled by an appendage ab.u.t.ting upon its recurve between the shoulders at a right angle. It cannot be cla.s.sified as an accidental as the patterns are all of the same type, i.e., tented arches. An accidental type of whorl is a combination of two or more _different_ types of patterns exclusive of the plain arch.

Figure 312 is a loop. It cannot be cla.s.sified as a whorl of the double loop type because the formation above the lower loop is too pointed and it also has an appendage ab.u.t.ting upon it at a right angle.

Figure 313 at first glance appears to be a whorl of the double loop type. Upon closer inspection, however, it will be noticed that there are no delta formations other than on the recurves. There are, then, two tented arch formations. As two patterns of the same type cannot form an accidental whorl, the impression must be cla.s.sified as a tented arch.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 313]

[Ill.u.s.tration: 314]

Figure 314 is an accidental whorl, combining a loop and a tented arch.

The tented arch is directly beneath the innermost loop, and is of the upthrust type.

Figure 315 consists of a loop over a dot with an apparent second delta. This pattern must be cla.s.sified as a loop, as a dot may not be considered an upthrust unless elongated vertically.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 315]

[Ill.u.s.tration: 316]

[Ill.u.s.tration: 317]

Even though a dot may be as thick and heavy as the surrounding ridges, it may be considered only in ridge counting or fixing a delta.

Figure 316 at first glance appears to be an accidental whorl, but on closer inspection it proves to be a loop. Although there are three delta formations present, it should be observed that recurving ridges appear in front of only one (D-1).

Figure 317 has the general appearance of a loop. The looping ridge A, at the center, has an appendage B ab.u.t.ting upon its recurve. The abutment is at right angles and therefore spoils the recurve. The pattern is a tented arch.

Figure 318 is a tented arch which approaches both the loop and the whorl type patterns. It cannot be considered a whorl, however, as the recurve on the left is spoiled by an appendage (figs. 58 and 59). Nor can it be a loop because there is no ridge count across a looping ridge. The pattern, then, is a tented arch of the type possessing two of the basic characteristics of the loop and lacking the third. The delta and the sufficient recurve are present but the ridge count is missing.

Figure 319 seems at first glance to be a double loop. It will be noted, however, that the inner delta formation would be located upon the only looping ridge of the upper loop formation. Since the delta would be located on the only recurve, this recurving ridge is eliminated from consideration. The pattern is cla.s.sified as a loop.

Figure 320 is a loop of two counts, with the delta at B. There is a ridge making a complete circuit present, but point A cannot be used as a delta because it answers the definition of a type line. It should be considered a delta only if it presented an angular formation. Placing the delta upon the recurve would spoil that recurve.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 318]

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