Part 22 (1/2)

71.

The six countries forming the Pan American Coffee Bureau were Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.

72.

Bourke-White's powerful 1936 Brazilian portraits of black coffee laborers reflected her newfound social conscience. She returned from Latin America to photograph faces of the rural South for You Have Seen Their Faces You Have Seen Their Faces, a collaboration with Erskine Caldwell.

73.

See chapter 2 for background on Bernhard Hannstein, Walter's father, and Erwin Paul Dieseldorff. See also the prologue and chapter 19 for contemporary information on the Hannstein finca finca run by Walter's daughter, Betty Hannstein Adams. run by Walter's daughter, Betty Hannstein Adams.

74.

In 1903 the price of Rio #7 beans fell to 5 cents per pound, but the dollar was worth more in those days, and the Rio bean was inferior to Santos #4, the standard in 1940.

75.

”Joe” was slang for the common man. There are two other theories, that ”cuppa Joe” derived from a combination of Java and Mocha, or that it was named after Josephus Daniels, who served as secretary of the U.S. Navy from 1913 to 1921 and who banned wine at the officers' mess, so that coffee became the strongest available drink.

76.

During World War II, no Germans were taken to the United States from Brazil, since the program was perceived as an insult to Brazilian national sovereignty. In general, only smaller countries, such as those of Central America, could be forced to agree to it. (Of course, such governments also took advantage of the situation to grab land or get rid of political opponents who were conveniently labeled n.a.z.is.) Vargas created his own wartime internment camp for Germans and j.a.panese in the Brazilian Amazon.

77.

In total over 31,000 so-called enemy aliens were interned during the war, taken from their homes in Latin America and the United States, including 16,849 j.a.panese, 10,905 Germans, and 3,278 Italians.

78.

The age of the dictator appeared to be pa.s.sing. The previous year, Maximilio Hernandez Martinez and Jorge Ubico had been forced from power in El Salvador and Guatemala, respectively, as their restive citizens yearned for the freedom and democracy they had heard so much about during the war.

79.

As a Colombian, Uribe must have been exquisitely aware of social problems, since his country had recently begun La Violencia La Violencia, a decade of terror. Some 200,000 Colombians would die in the internal conflict.

80.

In Brazil the Gillette razor company took out a full-page newspaper ad to disclaim any connection with Guy Gillette.

81.