Part 16 (1/2)

16 By 400 CE they had developed a system of water ”levers” Mokyr, Lever of Riches.

17 ”let it [the box bellows] be furnished” Ian Inkster, ”Indisputable Features and Nebulous Contexts: The Steam Engine as a Global Inquisition,” History of Technology 25, 2004.

18 ”The Chinese had already recognized” Pomeranz, Great Divergence.

19 The Chinese could have a bellows Kent G. Deng, ”Why the Chinese Failed to Develop a Steam Engine,” History of Technology 25, 2004.

20 China's master artisans were so severely handicapped by illiteracy Clark, Farewell to Alms.

21 The draw bar was not a complicated device Mokyr, Lever of Riches.

22 ”The absence of political compet.i.tion” Joseph Needham, Guohao Li, Meng-wen Chang, Tienchin Ts'ao, and Tao-ching Hu, Explorations in the History of Science and Technology in China: A Special Number of the ”Collections of Essays on Chinese Literature and History” (Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Cla.s.sics, 1982).

23 Europe's fragmented system of sovereign states E. L. Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

24 Bertrand Russell translated the Chinese term Mokyr, Lever of Riches.

25 From 1600 to 1650, the Dutch government Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 15981648 (Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001).

26 Petra Moser, now a professor Petra Moser, ”How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nineteenth Century World's Fairs,” The American Economic Review 95, no. 4, September 2005.

27 ”would have been silly” Teresa Riordan, ”Patents: An Economist Strolls Through History and Turns Patent Theory Upside Down,” New York Times, September 29, 2003.

28 From there on, Britain took over the lead Kenneth Romer, ”Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth,” Journal of Political Economy 94, no. 5, October 1986.

29 The most intriguing candidate N.F.R. Crafts, ”Macroinventions, Economic Growth, and 'Industrial Revolution' in Britain and France,” Economic History Review 58, no. 3, 1995. One estimate has the Netherlands with GDP per capita of $2,130 in 1700 and $1,838 in 1820, expressed in 1990 U.S. dollars.

30 In 1789, the year of the Revolution Melvin Kranzberg, ”Prerequisites for Industrialization,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, eds., Technology in Western Civilization.

31 By the same year, however Crafts, ”Macroinventions, Economic Growth, and 'Industrial Revolution' in Britain and France.”

32 Thus, in part because of lower interest rates Kranzberg, ”Prerequisites for Industrialization.”

33 Watt was simultaneously a brilliant engineer Pacey, Maze of Ingenuity.

34 Among other things, the project provided Diderot E. S. Ferguson, ”The Mind's Eye: Nonverbal Thought in Technology.”

35 ”to offer craftsmen the chance to learn” Bertrand Gille, The History of Techniques (New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1986).

36 Between 1740 and 1780 Mokyr, Lever of Riches.

37 the French did not lionize their inventors Ibid.

38 ”to deprive England of her steam engines” Carnot, quoted in Inkster, ”Indisputable Features and Nebulous Contexts: The Steam Engine as a Global Inquisition.”

39 ”every novel idea” Fritz Machlup, ”The Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Economic History 10, no. 1, May 1950.

40 From 1793 to 1800, in fact Khan, ”An Economic History of Patent Inst.i.tutions.”

41 ”When the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars ended” Jeff Horn, The Path Not Taken: French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 17501830 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006).

42 ”the Republic does not need savants” Mokyr, ”The Great Synergy.” The phrase supposedly originated at Lavoisier's trial, and it should be noted that the Academie would be reconst.i.tuted, under a different name.

CHAPTER TWELVE: STRONG STEAM.

1 ”I am exceedingly shocked” Birmingham Central Library and Adam Matthew Publications, The Industrial Revolution: A Doc.u.mentary History. Series One: The Boulton and Watt Archive and the Matthew Boulton Papers from the Birmingham Central Library.

2 There he found himself, on behalf of the Prince-Elector Lienhard, How Invention Begins.

3 Caloric theory held that heat was latent Hills, ”The Development of the Steam Engine from Watt to Stephenson,” History of Technology 25, 2004.

4 No matter how many times engineers observed Ibid.

5 ”the elastic force of steam” Hills, Power from Steam.

6 Matthew Boulton himself intercepted Murdock Eugene S. Ferguson, ”Steam Transportation,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, eds., Technology in Western Civilization.