Part 10 (1/2)

The58, _C_), and provided with a lid that falls off when the spores are ripe While the capsule is young it is covered by a pointed membranous cap (_B_, _cal_) that finally falls off When the lid is re of the capsule, and serving the sa 58, _E_)

[Illustration: FIG 58--_A_, fruiting plant of a oniuoniuoniuer, 300

_E_, two teeth froin of the capsule, 50 _F_, epideroniuonium, 12 _sp_ spore nified about 300 times

_sp_ spore mother cells]

If the lower part of the stem is carefully exareen fila like the root hairs, except for their color So patches of the moss is quite covered by a fine fil carefully over it probably very s up here and there froitudinal section through the summit of a small male plant of _Funaria_ _a_, _a'_, antheridia _p_, paraphysis

_L_, section of a leaf, 150]

This moss is dicious The nized by the bright red antheridia which are formed at the end of the stem in considerable numbers, and surrounded by a circle of leaves so that the whole looks so like a flower

(This is still ure 65, _E_, _F_)

The leaves when le layer of cells, except the ated cells Where the leaf is one cell thick, the cells are oblong in forin They contain numerous chloroplasts imbedded in the layer of protoplas 63, _C_, _n_) may usually be seen without difficulty, especially if the leaf is treated with iodine This plant is one of the best for studying the division of the chloroplasts, which63, _D_) In the chloroplasts, especially if the plant has been exposed to light for several hours, will be found nuranules, that assu therains If the plant is kept in the dark for a day or two, these will be absent, having been used up; but if exposed to the light again, new ones will be forht

[Illustration: FIG 60--_A_, _B_, young antheridia of _Funaria_, optical section, 150 _C_, two spernuen, and oxygen, and so far as is known is only produced by chlorophyll-bearing cells, under the influence of light The carbon used in the manufacture of starch is taken froreen plants serve to purify the atmosphere by the removal of this substance, which is deleterious to animal life, while at the sa matter, is combined in such foranisinal cells of the leaf are narrow, and soed into teeth

A cross-section of the stele row of epider cells, and in the centre a group of very delicate, situdinal section are seen to be elongated, and si thefluids, much as the similar but more perfectly developed bundles of cells (fibro-vascular bundles) found in the steher plants

The root hairs, fastening the plant to the ground, are rows of cells with broalls and oblique partitions They often reen filaments (protonema) already noticed

These latter have usually colorless walls, andvery much like a delicate specia If a sufficient number of these fila63, _A_, _k_), and with a little patience the leafy plant can be traced back to a little bud originating as a branch of the filareater than that of the filaether, are formed, so placed as to cut off a pyra moss plant This apical cell has the form of a three-sided pyramid with the base upward From it are developed three series of cells, cut off in succession from the three sides, and from these cells are derived all the tissues of the plant which soon beconizable

The protonerow frorow most abundantly froans are much like those of the liverworts and are borne at the apex of the stes 59, 60) are club-shaped bodies with a short stalk The upper part consists of a single layer of large chlorophyll-bearing cells, enclosing a mass of very small, nearly cubical, colorless, sperm cells each of which contains an excessively s antheridiues are very plainly marked

When ripe the chlorophyll in the outer cells changes color, beco red, and if a few such antheridia from a plant that has been kept rather dry for a day or two, are teased out in a drop of water, they will quickly open at the apex, the wholethe antheridia are borne peculiar hairs (Fig 59, _p_) tipped by a large globular cell

[Illustration: FIG 61--_A_, _B_, young; _C_, nearly ripe archegonium of _Funaria_, optical section, 150 _D_, upper part of the neck of _C_, seen fro how it is twisted _E_, base of a ripe archegoniu cell _b_, ventral canal cell]

Owing to their small size the spermatozoids are difficult to see satisfactorily and other ure 65, _I_), are preferable where obtainable

The sperure 60, _D_ Like all of the bryophytes they have but two cilia

The archegonia (Fig 61) should be looked for in the younger plants in the neighborhood of those that bear capsules Like the antheridia they occur in groups They closely reseer and twisted and the base roup is fertilized

[Illustration: FIG 62--_A_, young embryo of _Funaria_, still enclosed within the base of the archegoniuonium, 150 _a_, the apical cell]

To study the first division of the eoniu a little caustic potash; or letting it lie for a few hours in dilute glycerine will sohly washed away, by drawing pure water under the cover glass with a bit of blotting paper, until every trace of the potash is reles to the axis of the archegoniu cell into nearly equal parts This is followed by nearly vertical walls in each cell (Fig 62, _A_) Very soon a two-sided apical cell (Fig 62, _B_, _a_) is formed in the upper half of the embryo, which persists until the embryo has reached a considerable size As in the liverworts the young eonium wall