Part 10 (2/2)

KAUNDA, WEDSON CHALULUMA (19211985). This politician and former sergeant at arms in the first African-dominated Parliament was born at Lusangazi, near Mzuzu, in 1921, and educated at Ekwendeni and Livingstonia, where he qualified as a teacher in 1943. He taught briefly and then left for South Africa where he worked as a clerk in the city of Port Elizabeth. On his return in 1949, he joined politics, becoming secretary of the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) at Ekwendeni and, five years later, becoming a member of the Northern Province Provincial Council. In 1956, he lost the NAC's candidacy for the Legislative Council (LEGCO) to William M. Kanyama Chiume but remained active in provincial politics. A close confidant of Mkhosi Lazalo Jere, the Inkosi ya Makhosi M'mbelwa II, Kaunda became deputy and then full sergeant at arms in 1961 in the LEGCO. Three years later, he trained as a magistrate, a position he held until his retirement in the 1970s.

KAWINGA. Of the Machinga branch of the Yao, the Kawingas settled in the area east of Lake Malombe, but their authority extended to most of today's Machinga district and the southern part of Mangochi district. From his seat at Chikala Hill, Chief Kawinga in the 1880s and 1890s, strongly resisted British rule, at times fighting them directly, and at other times joining forces with other Yao chieftaincies. After the British defeated Makanjila in 1894, Kawinga, Jalasi, and Matipwiri jointly mounted an attack on the British in February of the following year, with a view to expelling them from the region. However, in September, Sir Harry Johnston and his Sikh soldiers fought back, ending the Yao aspirations.

KAWOMBA. Chewa chieftains.h.i.+p in Kasungu district established during the expansion of the Maravi state. In 1973, President Hastings Banda deposed Chief Mwase Kasungu as the senior chief in the area and replaced him with Kawomba. Although Mwase such as Themba Katumbi and Kyungu Raphael K. Mwakasungula lost their positions as traditional rulers because they had supported the return of Wellington M. Chirwa, Banda went further by directing that Mwase be replaced by someone from a ruling house other than that of the Mwase Kasungu. According to Banda's understanding of Chewa traditions, the house of Mwase Kasungu was junior to that of Kawomba. For Banda, the change was also determined by historical fact. Chief Kawomba has continued to be one of the most influential traditional rulers in Malawi.

KAYIRA, LEGSON. Malawian author born in Wenya, Chitipa, Legson Kayira went to local schools and to the Livingstonia Secondary School where he completed Form 2. In 1958, he left for the United States where he attended Skagit Valley College and then the University of Was.h.i.+ngton, Seattle, where in 1965 he graduated with a BA, majoring in political science. In the same year, he won a scholars.h.i.+p to Cambridge University where he studied history for two years, after which he worked in London, mostly in the Home Office. His books include I Will Try (1965), The Looming Shadow (1967), Jingala (1969), and The Civil Servant (1971), all in the Heinemann African Writers Series. See also LITERATURE.

KAYIRA, REV. ANDREW D. Church minister at Karonga from 1950 to the late 1970s, Andrew Kayira was born in Wenya, Chitipa district. He trained as a teacher at the Overtoun Inst.i.tution and taught at several schools, including Mwenelondo, Karonga. In the late 1940s, he completed theological courses and, in 1950, was appointed to the Karonga Mission station. In 1959, the governor nominated Kayira to the Legislative Council (LEGCO); although he did not accept the position, he was not spared from the anger of some nationalist political activists. They burned the manse and he lost most of his property. He remained pastor in charge of the Karonga congregation until 1980 when he returned to Wenya. He died in the early 2000s.

KAZEMBE EUNICE (1952 ). One of the most accomplished women in post-Banda Malawi, Eunice Kazembe has undergraduate and graduate qualifications in business administration and has worked in public service in different capacities, including as the general manager of the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC) and as Malawi's amba.s.sador to the Republic of China. Affiliated with the United Democratic Party, she joined the Democratic Progressive Party in 2005 and was appointed chief advisor to the president on urban development. In May 2009, Kazembe was elected as a member of the National a.s.sembly for Mulanje South and entered the cabinet as minister of trade and industry, a position she held until August 2011 when she was dropped from the cabinet.

KAZIWIZIWI. Located southwest of Khondowe and forming part of the Nyika highlands, Kaziwiziwi has, since the 1980s, become one of the main coal producing areas in Malawi.

KERR CROSS, DAVID (18561935). David Kerr Cross was an ordained Scottish medical doctor who went to the Lake Malawi region in 1885 to work at the Livingstonia Mission. He was posted to Ncherenje in Mwenewanda, Ulambya, in today's Chitipa district, where he joined Rev. Alexander Bain. Chosen partly because it was on the Stevenson Road, connecting lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, the site was not a particularly healthy one and, in 1886, his wife, Christina, died. When the church abandoned Ncherenje in 1889, he moved to Karonga where he was a pastor, teacher, and doctor. In 1896, he joined government service, working in Zomba and Blantyre before going to practice medicine in Durban, South Africa, in 1902. Dr. Kerr Cross was the first person to produce a medical report on the Karonga lakesh.o.r.e. Among the common diseases he had encountered were malaria, smallpox, goiter, syphilis (which he mostly a.s.sociated with the Swahili-Arabs), epilepsy, and meningitis; he also saw some cases of elephantiasis and filariasis, but no cases of tuberculosis. He died in December 1935 at Sevenoaks, England.

KETTLEWELL, RICHARD WILDMAN (19101994). Director of agriculture from 1950 to 1959 and secretary for natural resources from 1959 to 1962, Kettlewell was one of the most influential civil servants in late colonial Malawi. Born in England in 1910 and educated at Cambridge University, Kettlewell joined the colonial service in Nyasaland as an agricultural officer in 1934. Like many government employees, he saw service in World War II. He served in different parts of the colony and, in 1951, Governor Geoffrey Colby appointed him to head the Agriculture Department. In 1959, he was secretary for natural resources, the position from which he retired in 1962. In the period 195762, Kettlewell also served as a member of the Executive Council. His Agricultural Change in Nyasaland remains one of the most useful publications on the history of agriculture in colonial Malawi.

KHANGA, MELVIN MALUDI (?1996). Born in Ntcheu district and educated at Malamulo, Khanga was trained at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, England, where in the early 1960s he was also commissioned as a lieutenant, becoming one of the first local officers in the Malawi army. Known as a hardworking, professional soldier, he served as aid-de-camp to President Hastings Banda and quickly rose in the ranks. By the late 1980s, he was a full general and, in 1980, he took over from General Graciano Matewere as commanding officer of the Malawi army, a position he held until he retired in 1992. Independent-minded and highly respected by officers and men, Lt. Gen. Khanga steered the army through difficult times, including its involvement in guarding the Nacala rail line from the Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana (RENAMO) guerrilla fighters. In 1994, he was appointed chairman of the board of Air Malawi.

KHONDOWE. In 1894, Dr. Robert Laws decided to locate the Overtoun Inst.i.tution of the Livingstonia Mission of the Free Church of Scotland on the Khondowe plateau, east of Nyika, overlooking Lake Malawi. This became one of the largest, most productive and influential educational centers in southern Africa. The Livingstonia synod moved its headquarters to Mzuzu, and Khondowe is now the home of the Livingstonia University.

KHONJE, NELSON (1923?). Speaker of the National a.s.sembly from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Khonje was born in Mwanza district. He went to local Seventh-Day Adventist schools and, after completing a teachers course, he taught at several schools in the southern region. In the early 1960s, he spent a year studying in Scotland. He taught at Masongola Secondary School, Zomba, and, in 1965, became headmaster of Ntcheu Secondary School; he was later transferred to Ntchisi Day Secondary School. In 1971, Khonje entered Parliament as member for Mwanza and was subsequently appointed deputy speaker of Parliament and then speaker from 1975 to 1987.

KHULUBVI. This is the M'bona Shrine on the west bank of the s.h.i.+re River, near Nsanje boma, originally established by the Kapwiti dynasty but later taken over by Lundu.

KILEKWA, PETRO. This remarkable Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) priest was born Chilekwa, probably in the Lake Banguelo area of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), where as a young boy he was captured by slavers and taken to the east coast where he and other captives boarded an Arab dhow bound for the Persian Gulf. A British patrol boat, the HMS Osprey, rescued them on the third day of the voyage; they were taken to Zanzibar, where on 30 September 1887, he and other boys were handed over to St. Andrew's College, the UMCA establishment at Kiungani. Two years later, Chilekwa was baptized Petro Kilekwa. In 1895, he was posted to teach at Masasi in southern Tanganyika, but, within a short time, he returned to a.s.sist at the school at Kiungani. In January 1897, he married Beatrice Myororo, a Yao who had in 1881 been rescued from a slave dhow and taken care of by women missionaries of the UMCA at Nkun.a.z.ini and Mbwini. She too was a teacher, having qualified in the same year as Petro.

After their marriage, Kilekwa expressed interest in working in the Lake Malawi region and, in April 1899, the Kilekwas arrived on Likoma Island. Petro was sent to a school at Ntonya in Nkhotakota; in 1906, he pa.s.sed the reader's examinations and, five years later, he became a deacon. Between 1915 and 1917, he was at Likoma studying for the priesthood and, after his ordination, he became a priest at Kayoyo. Kilekwa served in other parishes before retiring at Mkope Hill.

KILUPULA, CHIEF. See MWANJASI, JOSEPH.

KILUPULA RICE GROWERS CO-OPERATIVE UNION. This union of six rice producing cooperative societies in Chief Kilupula's area, Karonga district, was formed in 1953. Throughout the 1950s, with its headquarters at Kaporo, it was the largest rice-producing organization in the country, most of its grain being consumed locally but a significant amount being exported to neighboring territories. Its first secretary was Robert Donald Nyirenda, son of Robert Gwebe Nyirenda and, throughout the life of the union, the chairman was Joseph Mwanjasi, Chief Kilupula. The union was liquidated in 1968.

KIMBLE, DAVID BRYANT (19212009). British political scientist and head of the University of Malawi from 1977 to 1986, David Kimble was born in Suss.e.x, England, in 1921, educated at Reading University (BA) and the University of London (PhD). He spent almost all his working life in Africa: University of Ghana, 195162; University of Dar-es-Salaam, 196268; CAFRAD, Morocco, 196871; National University of Lesotho, 197177. Kimble became vice chancellor of the University of Malawi at a time when the inst.i.tution's morale was low, after many of its local faculty had fallen prey to Hastings Banda's overzealous security police; some of the university teachers had even been taken as political detainees. Kimble established good working relations with the government and, in the process, some morale returned to the university. The faculty was able to travel abroad to attend conferences and seminars and, subject to censors.h.i.+p laws, were also able to undertake and publish research. From 1978, Kimble was given the responsibility of setting and supervising English exams for all prospective members of Parliament, and this exercise involved most faculty traveling to district headquarters to administer the exams. He retired to England in 1886 and pa.s.sed away in March 2009. Kimble is also known internationally as the founding editor (196097) of the prestigious publication Journal of Modern African Studies.

KINGA. Inhabitants of the Livingstone (Kinga) Mountain range on the northeastern sh.o.r.es of Lake Malawi. From precolonial times to the early 1960s, the Kinga, most famous for their beautifully decorated pots, traded their wares with the Ngonde in exchange for food, which was always plentiful in the latter's country.

KING'S AFRICAN RIFLES (KAR). See ARMY.

KINYAKYUSA. This is the language of the Nyakyusa of southern Tanzania, and it is basically the same as kyangonde. Church of Scotland missionaries and the Moravian missionaries from Germany translated their language into English and German, respectively.

KIRK, SIR JOHN (18321922). Scottish surgeon, botanist, photographer, traveler, and administrator, this graduate of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary joined David Livingstone's Zambezi expedition in 1858, at the age of 26, as a plant collector for the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Kirk visited Zomba Mountain and Lake Chilwa and, in September 1859, he, Livingstone, and a few others walked up the s.h.i.+re River and then sailed around Lake Malawi as far as Usisya in the north. Besides his botanical interests, Kirk collected many samples of Lake Malawi fish, and he is reported to have been the first person to clinically describe black water fever, which previously had been misidentified as yellow fever. In 1870, Kirk was the British consul general at Zanzibar, and during the 1880s and 1890s, he was a key advisor to the British Foreign Office.

KIRK RANGE. Mountain range named after Sir John Kirk; starts in the Ntcheu area, stretching in a southeasterly direction and basically forms the southwestern border between Mozambique and Malawi.

KITTERMASTER, SIR HAROLD (18791939). The governor of Nyasaland from 1934 to 1939, he died while still in office at Zomba. Kittermaster is much identified with the Lacey Commission and the introduction of the Native Trust Lands of 1936, which transferred most of the Crown land for the sole use of Africans. Previous to working in Nyasaland, he had served in Somaliland and the British Honduras.

KOLOLO. Also known as Magololo, they were a group of people whom Dr. David Livingstone took from Barotseland to the Lower s.h.i.+re Valley of Malawi where they settled, becoming significant players in the political and economic life of the area. Originally from Sotho, the area west of the Maluti Mountains, which they had left in 1823 during the Lifaqane, and led by the Fokeng chief, Sebituane, they migrated northward to Barotseland, western Zambia, where for a brief period they ruled the area. In 1855, Sebituane's son and successor, Sekeletu, recommended 112 porters to David Livingstone who left them at Tete while he proceeded on to England. On his return in 1858, he found that many had occupied their time working for the Portuguese in several capacities: canoemen, elephant hunters, gold diggers, porters, among others.

In 1861, some of the Kololo, led by Moloka and Kasisi (also called Ramakukan), decided to remain in the Chikwawa area of the Lower s.h.i.+re and make it their home. The Kololo had guns, most of which they had received in lieu of pay, and they used them to gain power in this Mang'anja region, which at that time was in a particularly unstable state because of the slave trade and because of the famine of the 1860s. By 1870, they had established political control in the area between Chiromo in the south and Manthiti Falls in the north and divided it into six chieftaincies.

The Kololo stopped slave raids in the area, and they became active elephant hunters and ivory traders and farmers, growing sesame seeds that they sold to Europeans. They had tense relations with the Chikunda and Portuguese on their western borders but, in the main, had cordial dealings with the British. Both the African Lakes Company (ALC) and the Scottish missionaries made treaties with the Kololo; the former depended much on Kololo ivory. However, at times, distrust between them led to conflict, as happened in the incident involving George Fenwick, formerly a lay missionary of the Church of Scotland at Blantyre. During the scramble for Africa in the late 1880s and early 1890s, the British exploited the Kololo's dislike of the Portuguese to keep the latter out of the southern Lake Malawi area. A significant number of the Kololo would be among the first students at the Blantyre Mission, and some of them became notable residents of the emerging town of Blantyre. See also ANGLOPORTUGUESE TREATY; CHIPATULA.

KOTA KOTA RICE GROWERS CO-OPERATIVE UNION (KKRGCU). Formed in 1962 when the Kota Kota Rice Trading Ltd. closed, the KKRGCU, with the Kilupula Rice Growers Co-operative Union, became the largest rice producers and exporters in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Like most government-affiliated agricultural cooperatives in Malawi, the KKRGCU was liquidated in 1968.

KOTA KOTA RICE TRADING LTD. Planned in 193839 and commencing operations in 1945, this was a government-backed commercial concern that bought paddy rice from producers in the Kota Kota (Nkhotakota) district and processed it for sale within the colony and for export, mainly to Southern and Northern Rhodesia. With modern machinery, it also often processed paddies for the Kilupula Rice Growers Co-operative (KRGCU) Union when their own equipment could not handle the qualities they produced. In addition, it worked hand in hand with the KRGCU in marketing rice of the two organizations. In 1961, it was converted to a cooperative union of the various rice growing a.s.sociations in the district.

KOYI, WILLIAM MTUSANE (18461886). Of Ngqika ethnic affinity and, therefore, a Xhosa speaker, William Koyi was born in the Thomas River area. In 1871, he became a student at Lovedale Missionary Inst.i.tute, and in 1876 was one of the several black South Africans who offered to accompany Dr. James Stewart to the Lake Malawi region to set up the Livingstonia Mission. Koyi's ability to communicate in both Xhosa and Zulu was an advantage the missionaries utilized in their determined effort to establish their presence among the Ngoni. Koyi, an all-around handyman, played many roles: interpreter, advisor on Ngoni and African customs, diplomat, teacher, and preacher. Although there were European missionaries resident in Ngoni country, Koyi, later based at Njuyu, was effectively the princ.i.p.al missionary to the court of M'belwa and other Ngoni chiefs between 1878 and 1885, when Dr. Walter Elmslie arrived in the area. He played the same role with the Chikusi Ngoni of Ntcheu when the Livingstonia Mission was based at Cape Maclear in the period 187682. Much loved by the Ngoni and respected by all those who knew him, Koyi died of tuberculosis in 1886. He was certainly the best known of the Lovedale missionaries; the others were Shadrach Ngunana, Isaac Williams Wauchope, Mapas Ntintili, and George Williams.

KUFA, JOHN GRAY (?1915). John Chilembwe's second in command, Kufa was born at Kongone, on the Zambezi River, where, in 1885, he joined a party of missionaries bound for Blantyre. In 1892, he was one of 11 Africans to be ordained deacons and, within a few years, he became the first African to train as a medical a.s.sistant, pa.s.sing his elementary surgery examinations with distinction. He a.s.sumed the position of chief medical a.s.sistant in the Blantyre Mission dispensary. In 1896, Kufa was posted to Mulumbo in Mozambique to start a substation of the Blantyre Mission, and in 1900, when the Portuguese authorities successfully claimed the area as part of their colony, the Church of Scotland recalled Kufa, closing down the young church establishment.

Kufa left the mission and, for a time, worked at the A. L. Bruce dispensary at Magomero. However, he was now also preoccupied with the 140-acre estate he started at Nsoni where he grew cotton, maize, and tobacco, employing 27 workers. He also grew fruits and raised livestock. Kufa had maintained his contact with Mulumbo and, as the number of Lomwe from that side of the Nyasaland border migrating into the s.h.i.+re Highlands increased, some of them settled in his Nsoni neighborhood. Many of the Lomwe immigrants knew him, and a significant number would be converted to John Chilembwe's religious and political beliefs. Kufa and Chilembwe were longtime friends and were in the group of close confidants who planned the 1915 uprising. Kufa was captured on 28 January, five days after the uprising started and, with Stephen Mkulitchi, was hanged in Blantyre in February.

KULUNJIRI, KINROSS W. Businessman and politician, Kulunjiri was briefly secretary general of the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) in the early 1950s. He and Mikeka Mkandawire were friends and were considered to be radicals in the NAC. They were against the slow pace toward decolonization as advocated by moderates such as Wellington Manoah Chirwa, James R. N. Chinyama, and Charles Matinga, and they welcomed the younger generation of leaders, including Henry B. M. Chipembere and M. W. Kanyama Chiume, whose ideas were similar to theirs. Kulunjiri worked for the Nyasaland Times and was also a brick maker and founder of the African Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

k.u.mBIKANO, CLEMENT. This former leading Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) politician became a member of the Federal Parliament in December 1953 and refused to withdraw from it when his party asked him to do so. In 1952, he had been part of the delegation of Nyasaland Africans to attend the London conference on the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and, with others, boycotted the official talks at the advice of Dr. Hastings K. Banda. Expelled from the NAC in 1957, he and Wellington Manoah Chirwa remained in the Federal a.s.sembly until the early 1960s. The Malawi Congress Party (MCP) shunned and demonized them, making sure that they had no place in independent Malawi, and they both went into exile.

k.u.mBWENZA, JEREMIA T. (1925?). Former regional minister for the central region, k.u.mbwenza was born at Mitundu, Lilongwe district. He attended local Dutch Reformed Church Schools and, while working as a timber salesman, he studied bookkeeping by correspondence course. In 1951, he joined the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) and, when the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) was formed in 1959, he was vice treasurer of his locality. In 1961, he became a member of Parliament and, three years later, was appointed parliamentary secretary in the Ministry of Trade and Industry. In 1964, he was promoted to the cabinet as full minister in the latter ministry. Within a short time, he became regional minister for the central region, a position he held until the mid-1970s, when he retired from politics.

k.u.mTUMANJI, GOMILE WILANICHILAMBO (19211990). Southern region chairman of the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) throughout the 1960s and regional minister for the south in the late 1960s, k.u.mtumanji was born in the ruling family of the k.u.mtumanji chiefdom in western Zomba district. After a basic education, he worked outside Malawi for a period and, upon his return, became involved in the politics of decolonization, playing an active role in the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) in Zomba district. In 1959, k.u.mtumanji was among the hundreds of people arrested during Operations Sunrise and, upon his release, he was elected southern province chairman of the new MCP. In 1961, he was elected to Parliament and appointed junior minister. In 1964, k.u.mtumanji was promoted to the cabinet, where he remained until 1970 when he was arrested on charges that he was a.s.sociated with the Chilobwe murders. He died while in prison.

KUNDECHA, REV. STEPHEN. One of the first Africans to be trained at Blantyre Mission, and in 1911 the second African to be ordained as minister, Kundecha, like Harry Kambwiri Matecheta, had worked with Rev. David Clement Scott and was a major force in African evangelization and education. He was responsible for training other prominent African pastors such as Harry Mtuwa, Joseph Kaunde, and Thomas Maseya. Kundecha was also a very outspoken critic of the thangata system, making his views public whenever possible.

KUNTAJA, CHIEF (1916?). Born in Blantyre district, Chief Kuntaja was educated at village schools before going on to the Henry Henderson Inst.i.tute (HHI) in Blantyre where he completed his primary school certificate exam. He was employed as a clerk until 1942 when he joined the King's African Rifles (KAR), where he distinguished himself and was promoted to the rank of staff sergeant. He left the army in 1947 and returned to work as a clerk, but only briefly as, in the following year, he was installed as Chief Kuntaja. He became a popular and hardworking chief, always seeking ways and means of improving the economic and social well-being of his people.

Identified with progressive traditional rulers, and a member of the Chiefs Council, Chief Kuntaja was strongly opposed to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and was one of the six chiefs, including Philip Gomani III, M'mbelwa II, and Katumbi, who went to London in 1953 to make their position known to the British government. Chief Kuntaja visited London again in MayJune 1958, this time in the company of Henry Chipembere and Hastings K. Banda, to present a case to the colonial secretary for immediate const.i.tutional changes. In July 1960, he returned to London as part of the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) delegation to the Lancaster House const.i.tutional talks. After a new government took over in 1961, Kuntaja continued to be a supporter of the MCP, and he remained a chief, committed to his traditional duties.

An earlier Chief Kuntaja (1870s to 1880s) ruled the area adjacent to the Blantyre Mission and seems to have been junior to Chief Kapeni.

KWACHA. In all Malawi languages, kwacha means ”dawn” and, in 1955, African nationalists adopted it as a rallying slogan to signify the dawn of ”freedom” from colonial rule. All Malawian politicians, including Dr. Hastings Banda, would start their speeches at political gatherings with the slogan, in the same way as Kenyatta and Kenyans would with harambe. Even after independence kwacha, symbolized by a c.o.c.kerel, continued to be widely identified with the Malawi Congress Party (MCP).

In 1952, the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC), under the influence of James Sangala, began to publish a newsletter to keep its members.h.i.+p and the general public abreast of its programs. Called Kwacha, the newsletter counteracted government propaganda published in Msimbi and Bwalo la Nyasaland. In August 1955, Kwacha became a broadsheet and played a major role in mobilizing Congress supporters in the 1956 elections. It closed soon afterward because of lack of advertisers. Since 1971 kwacha is also the unit of currency of Malawi.

KWENJE, NOPHAS DINNECK. Journalist and politician, Kwenje trained as a teacher at the Henry Henderson Inst.i.tute (HHI) and served as headmaster at one of the schools in the southern province before going to Southern Rhodesia where he worked in a variety of jobs, including as a photographer, teacher, postal worker, and police detective. Before returning to Nyasaland in 1956, he edited the famous Bulawayo publication, the Bantu Mirror, of which he also became business manager. In 1956, the first Africans were about to be elected to Legislative Council (LEGCO); Kwenje successfully stood as one of the Nyasaland African Congress candidates for the southern province. Compared with Henry Chipembere and Kanyama Chiume, Kwenje and other African members of the LEGCO were considered to be moderates and did not feature in the Malawi Congress Partydominated Parliament. However, unlike James Chinyama and Dunstan Chijozi who were vilified by the MCP, Kwenje later became acting general manager of Malawi Press, a ruling partyrelated position.

KYANGONDE. Language of the Ngonde and basically the same as kinyakyusa spoken on the Tanzanian side of the Songwe River.

KYUNGU. Traditional t.i.tle of the Ngonde rulers; the Kyungu family established political authority in the northern Karonga lakesh.o.r.e around 1600.

L.

LABOR UNIONS. The African trade union movements in Malawi developed in the postWorld War II years. In the immediate postwar period, workers tended to form a.s.sociations, some of which the government did not recognize immediately. In June 1946, railway employees formed the Railway African Staff a.s.sociation, and in 1954 it became the Nyasaland Railways African Workers Union. Also in 1946, African drivers and mechanics, working mostly for European transport firms, organized themselves into the Nyasaland African Drivers a.s.sociation, changing its name three years later to Nyasaland African Motor Transport Workers Union (NAMTWU), thereby broadening its potential members.h.i.+p. Its founders and leaders were Lawrence Makata, Lali Lubani, James Mpunga, and Lawrence Mapemba. In 1949, it registered as a labor union organization, and 10 years later, it changed its name again to Transport and Allied Workers Union. By 1960, it had over 4,000 members, with C. C. Msiska as its chairman and Suzgo Msiska its secretary general. By 1960, another worker organization had emerged, the Commercial and General Workers Union (CGWU) headed by Chakufwa Chihana. The first central union, the Nyasaland Trades Union Congress (NTUC), was formed in 1956, but its affiliation with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) led to the creation of a dissenting organization, the National Council of Labor, led by C. C. Msiska. The NTUC and the council merged and then dissolved in 1961.

Beginning in 1962, unions lost influence, and many leaders took government or Malawi Congress Party (MCP) jobs or, as in the case of Chihana and Suzgo Msiska, were expelled from the MCP for appearing to challenge the new government's labor policies. Labor unions were also closely supervised

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