Part 6 (1/2)

11. Kraft, On My Way, 17.

12. Burns, Third Time, 3940.

13. Harry Jolson, as told to Alban Emley, Mistah Jolson (Hollywood, 1952), 4350.

14. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made (New York, 1976), 556.

15. Ibid., 558.

16. Eddie Cantor, as told to David Freedman, My Life Is in Your Hands (New York, 1928), 22.

17. Norman Katkov, The Fabulous f.a.n.n.y: The Story of f.a.n.n.y Brice (New York, 1953), 89.

18. Jolson, Mistah Jolson, 4350.

19. Burns, Third Time, 2326.

20. Ibid., 27; Cantor, My Life, 2223; Jolson, Mistah Jolson, 4350.

21. Katkov, Fabulous f.a.n.n.y, 8.

22. Berle, Milton Berle, 5051.

23. National Child Labor Committee, Child Welfare in North Carolina (New York, 1918), 220.

24. Ibid.

25. Harpo Marx with Rowland Barber, Harpo Speaks (New York, 1974), 3233.

26. See, for example, Samuel Chotzinoff, A Lost Paradise (New York, 1955), 2046.

Chapter Five.

1. Jacob A. Riis, ”The New York Newsboy,” Century Magazine Lx.x.xV (December 1912), 24048.

2. Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism, A History: 16901960, 3rd ed. (New York, 1962), 447; Gunther Barth, City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth Century America (New York, 1980), 79.

3. William R. Scott, Scientific Circulation Management (New York, 1915), 108.

4. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York, 1982), 12324; Barth, City People, 9092; Edwin Emery, The Press and America: An Interpretative History of Journalism, 2nd ed. (New York, 1962), 404.

5. Barth, City People, 8890; Editor and Publisher, December 21, 1907, 4; Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America: The Evolution of a Social Instrument (New York, 1937), 28990; Maurice Hexter, ”The Newsboys of Cincinnati,” Studies from the Helen S. Trounstine Foundation I, no. 4 (January 15, 1919), 12021.

6. Emery, The Press, 516.

7. Editor and Publisher, December 21, 1907, 4.

8. Editor and Publisher, May 24, 1902, 2.

9. Hexter, ”Newsboys,” 14849.

10. See ”Circulation Manager's Column” in Editor and Publisher, March 25, April 13 and 20, May 6 and 27, June 3, July 1, and October 21, 1916.

11. Editor and Publisher, June 30, 1917, part II, 13.

12. Edward Clopper, ”Children on the Streets of Cincinnati,” Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the National Child Labor Committee (Supplement to the Annals, 1908), 115.

13. Hexter, ”Newsboys,” 14849.

14. Joseph Gies, The Colonel of Chicago (New York, 1979), 3237; Wayne Andrews, Battle for Chicago (New York, 1946), 23235; Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago, 1979), 35253; John c.o.o.ney, The Annenbergs: The Salvaging of a Tainted Dynasty (New York, 1982), 3139.

15. Lee, Daily Newspaper, 266.

16. For New York City, see ”Memo to George Hall from C. Aronovici, Special Investigator, September 26, 1906,” NYCLC, box 31, folder 13, 5; Harry Bremer, ”Report of Investigation: New York Newsboy,” NCLC, box 4, 2; for Chicago, see [Myron Adams], ”Newsboy Conditions in Chicago” j.a.p, 27; for Baltimore, see Lettie Johnston, ”Street Trades and Their Regulation,” Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction (1915), 520; for Cincinnati, see Clopper, ”Children of Cincinnati,” 116; for Dallas, see Civic Federation of Dallas, The Newsboys of Dallas (Dallas, 1921), 3.

17. Research Department, School of Social Economy of Was.h.i.+ngton University, ”The Newsboy of Saint Louis” (St. Louis, n.d.), 10.

18. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Children in Gainful Occupations at the Fourteenth Census of the United States (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C., 1924).

19. U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau, Child Labor Legislation in the United States (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C., 1915), 1213 (Summary Chart No. 1, Table 6).

20. ”Saving the Barren Years,” in The Child in the City: A Handbook of the Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, JAMC.

21. Edward Clopper, Child Labor in City Streets (New York, 1912), 35.

22. Hexter, ”Newsboys,” 122.

23. Anna Reed, Newsboy Service: A Study in Educational and Vocational Guidance (Yonkers, 1917), 2744. Figures for the percentage of newsboys per grade were computed by dividing the number of newsboys per grade by the total number of males per grade.

24. Memo from George Hall, November 15, 1911, NYCLC, box 31, folder 13, 4.

25. Justice Harvey Baker to C. Watson, March 13, 1911, NYCLC, box 31, folder 15.

26. Hexter, ”Newsboys,” 11819.

27. William Le Roy Zabel, ”Street Trades and Juvenile Delinquency” (M.A. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1918), 46; Alexander Fleisher, ”The Newsboys of Milwaukee,” Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, State of Wisconsin (191112), 77; Charles Storey, ”Report of Newsboy Investigation in Syracuse,” NYCLC, box 31, folder 13, 5.

28. Investigator's report, December 29, 1916, NYCLC, box 31, folder 22.

29. Loraine B. Bush, ”Street Trades in Alabama,” American Child IV, no. 2 (August 1922), 109.

30. Leonard Benedict, Waifs of the Slums and Their Way Out (New York, 1907), 1067; Mary Aydelott, ”Children in Street Trades” (M.A. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1924), 2426; Elsa Wertheim, ”Chicago Children in the Street Trades” (1917), JAMC, 59.

31. Fleisher, ”Newsboys of Milwaukee,” 67.