Part 183 (1/2)

II PLEONASM is the introduction of superfluous words; as, ”But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat _of it_”--_Gen_, ii, 17 This figure is allowable only, when, in animated discourse, it abruptly introduces an ely; as, ”_He_ that hath ears to hear, let him hear”--_Bible_ ”All ye inhabitants of the world, and _dwellers on the earth_”--_Id_ ”There shall not be left one stone upon another _that shall not be thron_”--_Id_ ”I know thee _who thou art_”--_Id_ A Pleonasm, as perhaps in these instances, is soant; but an unemphatic repetition of the sa

OBS--Strong passion is not always satisfied with saying a thing once, and in the feords possible; nor is it natural that it should be Hence repetitions indicative of intense feeling hest kind, when, if the feeling anting, or supposed to be so, they would be reckoned intolerable tautologies The following is an example, which the reader may appreciate the better, if he remembers the context: ”At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay down; at her feet he bowed, he fell; where he bowed, there he fell down dead”--_Judges_, v, 27

III SYLLEPSIS is agreeurative sense of a word, or theto the literal or coeneral connected with soure of rhetoric: as ”The _Word_ was lory”--_John_, i, 14 ”Then Philip went down to the _city_ of Samaria, and preached Christ unto _them_”--_Acts_, viii, 5 ”The _city_ of London _have_ expressed _their_ sentiments with freedom and fir _Israel_,] after _she_ had done all these things, Turn _thou_ unto me; but _she_ returned not: and _her_ treacherous _sister Judah_ saw it”--_Jer_, iii, 7 ”And he surnaes, which is_, The sons of thunder”--_Mark_, iii, 17

”While _Evening_ draws _her_ crimson curtains round”--_Thomson_, p 63

”The _Thunder_ raises _his_ tremendous voice”--_Id_, p 113

OBSERVATIONS

OBS 1--To the parser, soreement which is controlled by tropes, is often absolutely necessary; yet, of our rammarians, none appear to have noticed it; and, of the oldest writers, few, if any, have given it the rank which it deserves anifies _conception, coether_ Under this narammarians and rhetoricians, reement; some of which are quite too unlike to be embraced in the same class, and not a few, perhaps, too unimportant or too ordinary to deserve any classification as figures I therefore omit some forms of expression which others have treated as examples of _Syllepsis_, and define the term with reference to such as seem more worthy to be noticed as deviations fro the word two s, explains it thus: ”SYLLEPSIS, _n_ [_Gr_ syllaepsis] 1 In _graure by which we conceive the sense of words otherwise than the words i to the intention of the author; otherwise called _substitution_[480] 2 The agreement of a verb or adjective, not with the word next to it, but with the most worthy in the sentence”--_American Dict_

OBS 2--In short, _Syllepsis_ is a _conception_ of which grammarians have _conceived_ so variously, that it has become doubtful, what definition or what application of the ter it, cites one notion from Sanctius, and adds an other of his own, thus: ”SYLLEPSIS, id est, _Conceptio_, est quoties Generibus, aut Numeris videntur voces discrepare Sanct l 4 c 10 Vel sit Coniore”--_Prat's Lat Gram_, Part ii, p 164 John Grant ranks it as a mere form or species of _Ellipsis_, and expounds it thus: ”_Syllepsis_ is _when_ the adjective or verb, joined to different substantives, agrees with the more worthy”--_Institutes of Lat Gram_, p

321 Dr Littleton describes it thus: ”SYLLLEPSIS [sic--KTH],--A Graular of different persons are joined to a Verb plural”--_Latin Dict_, 4to By Dr Morell it is explained as follows: ”SYLLEPSIS,--A graure, _where_ one is put for many, and many for one, Lat _Conceptio_”--_Morell's Ainsworth's Dict_, 4to, Index Vitand IV _Enallage_ is the use of one part of speech, or of one ure borders closely upon solecise, it should be sparingly indulged There are, however, several forood authority: as,

1 ”_You know_ that _you are_ Brutus, that _say_ this”--_Shak_

2 ”They fall _successive_[ly], and _successive_[ly] rise”--_Pope_

3 ”Than _whom_ [who] a fiend more fell is nowhere found”--_Thomson_

4 ”Sure some disaster has _befell_” [befallen]--_Gay_

5 ”So furious was that onset's shock, Destruction's gates at once _unlock_” [unlocked]--_Hogg_

OBSERVATIONS

OBS 1--_Enallage_ is a Greek word, signifying _coeneral sense, is the change of words, or of their accidents, one for another”--_Grant's Latin Gram_, p 322 The word _Antie of parts_, was often used by the old grah, sometimes, the former was taken only for the substitution of one _part of speech_ for an other, and the latter, only, or e of _modification_--as of mood forof one _case_ for an other, has also been thought worthy of a particular nae_, thebeen often of old applied to all such changes, reducing them to one head, may well be now defined as above, and still applied, in this way, to all that we need recognize as figures The word _Enallaxis_, preferred by soinus_, or ENALLAGE, is an _Exchange_ of _Cases, Tenses, Persons, Numbers_, or _Genders_”--_Holes, when it pleases, Tenses, or Persons, Genders, Numbers, Cases”--_Ib_, B ii, p 50

OBS 2--Our le person is addressed in the plural number This is so fashi+onable in our civil intercourse, that soraure_; and represent it as being ular phraseology; which a few of the the _archaisms_ The next in frequency, (if indeed it can be called a different for _we_ for _I_, or the plural for the singular in the _first person_ This has never yet been claies differ in nothing but co honourably authorized, both still i alike obvious Other varieties of this figure, not unco of adjectives for adverbs, of adverbs for nouns, of the present tense for the preterit, and of the preterit for the perfect participle

But, in the use of such liberties, elegance and error sometimes approximate so nearly, there is scarcely an obvious line between the the distinction

OBS 3--Deviations of this kind are, _in general_, to be considered solecisrammar would be of no use or authority

_Despauter_, an ancient Latin graure, or to a species of it, under the name of _Antiptosis_; and _Behourt_ and others extended it still further But _Sanctius_ says, ”_Antiptosi gramentuerent_” And the _Messieurs De Port Royal_ reject the figure altogether There are, however, sorah they do not accord with the ordinary principles of construction