Part 140 (2/2)
Murray's Hist of Lang_, ii, 62 ”The _above explanation_”--_Cobbett's Grae”--_Zech_, viii, 4 ”Froreatness”--_Phil Museum_, i, 431 ”In his _then_ situation”--_Johnson's Life of Goldsmith_ ”This was the _then_ state of Popery”--_Id, Life of Dryden_, p 185 ”The servant becomes the master of his _once_ master”--_shi+llitoe_ ”Ti_ is put in the accusative”--_Adanifying the ti_, may be put in the objective case without a preposition”--_Wilbur and Livingston's Gram_, p
24 ”I hear the _far-off_ curfew sound”--_Milton_ ”Far on the _thither_ side”--_Book of Thoughts_, p 58 ”My _hither_ way”--”Since land”--_Shak_ ”But short and _seldo_ knave”--_Pope_ ”According to my _sometime_ promise”--_Zenobia_, i, 176 ”Thine _often_ infirmities”--_Bible_ ”A _far_ country”--_Ib_ ”_No_ wine,”--”_No_ new thing,”--”_No_ greater joy”--_Ib_ ”Nothing _else_”--_Blair_ ”_Toh_”--_Tr Sallust_ ”For thou _only_ art holy”--_Rev_, xv, 4
OBS 4--It is not n to justify any uncouth substitution of adverbs for adjectives; nor do I affirlish, though most of them are so; but merely, that the words, when they are thus used, _are adjectives_, and not adverbs Lindley Murray, and his copyists, strongly condemn some of these expressions, and, by implication, most or all of them; but both he and they, as well as others, have repeatedly employed at least one of the very models they censure They are too severe on all those which they specify Their objections stand thus; ”_Such expressions_ as the following, though not destitute of authority, _are very inelegant_, and do _not suit the idioe; 'The _then_ ministry,' for, 'the ministry of that ti discourse'”--_Murray's Graersoll's_, 206 ”The following phrases are also exceptionable: 'The _then_ ument'”--_Kirkham's Gram_, p 190 ”Adverbs used as adjectives, as, 'The _above_ statement;' 'The _then_ administration;' should be avoided”--_Barnard's Gram_, p 285 ”_When_ and _then_ must not be used for nouns _and pronouns_; thus, 'Since _when_,' 'since _then_,' 'the _then_ ht to be, 'Since _which time_,' 'since _that time_,' 'the ministry _of that period_'”--_Hiley's Gram_, p 96 Dr Priestley, from whom Murray derived many of his critical remarks, noticed these expressions; and, (as I suppose,) _approvingly_; thus, ”Adverbs are often put for adjectives, agreeably to the idioue: [as,] 'The action was _amiss_'--'The _then_ ministry'--'The idea is _alike_ in both'--Addison 'The _above_ discourse'--Harris”--_Priestley's Graht it not amiss to use _then_ as Priestley here cites it; and for such a use of _above_, we may quote the objectors themselves: ”To support the _above_ construction”--_Murray's Graersoll's_, p 238 ”In all the _above_ instances”--_Mur_, p 202; _Ing_, 230 ”To the _above_ rule”--_Mur_, p 270; _Ing_, 283 ”The sa_, 46 ”In such instances as the _above_”--_Mur_, p 24; _Ing_, 9; _Kirkham_, 23[427]
OBS 5--When words of an adverbial character are used after the manner of _nouns_, they must be parsed as nouns, and not as adverbs; as, ”The Son of God--was not _yea_ and _nay_, but in hireat _while_ to come”--_Ib_ ”On this _perhaps_, this _peradventure_ infa_ ”From the extremest _upward_ of thine head”--_Shak_
”There are _upwards_ of fifteen millions of inhabitants”--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p 266 ”Information has been derived from _upwards_ of two hundred volumes”--_Worcester's Hist_, p v ”An eternal _now_ does always last”--_Cowley_ ”Discourse requires an animated _no_”--_Cowper_ ”Their hearts no proud _hereafter_ swelled”--_Sprague_ An adverb after a preposition is used substantively, and governed by the preposition; though perhaps it is not necessary to call it a common noun: as, ”For _upwards_ of thirteen years”--_Hiley's Gram_, p xvi ”That thou mayst curse me them _from thence_”--_Numb_, xxiii, 27 ”Yet _for once_ we'll try”--_Dr
Franklin_ Butthem ”_adverbial phrases_” Allen says, ”Two adverbs soood wine _until now_'”--_Gram_, p 174 But _until_ is here_now_
OBS 6--It is plain, that ords of an adverbial form are used either adjectively or substantively, they cannot be parsed by the foregoing rule, or explained as having the ordinary relation of _adverbs_; and if the unusual relation or character which they thus assuht sufficient to fix them in the rank of adjectives or nouns, the parser may describe them as adverbs used adjectively, or substantively, and apply the rule which their assumed construction requires But let it be remembered, that adverbs, as such, neither relate to nouns, nor assuree, or manner, of actions or qualities In some instances in which their construction may seem not to be reconcilable with the common rule, there may be supposed an ellipsis of a verb or a participle:[428] as, ”From Monday to Saturday _inclusively_”--_Webster's Dict_ Here, the Doctor ought to have used a comma after _Saturday_; for the adverb relates, not to that noun, but to the word _reckoned_, understood ”It ell said by Roscommon, '_too faithfully is pedantically_'”--_Co I suppose to _ too faithfully, is, _to do it_ pedantically” ”And, [_I say] truly_, if they had been ht have had opportunity to have returned”--_Heb_, xi, 15
OBS 7--To abbreviate expressions, and give theet_, &c) are soested to the mind by an emphatic adverb, which seems to be put _for the verb_, but does in fact relate to it understood; as,
”I'll _hence_ to London, on a serious o_”
”I'll _in_ I'll _in_ Follow your friend's counsel I'll _in_”--_Id_ Supply ”_get_”
”_Away_, old ive me thy hand; _away_”--_Id_ Supply ”_cos, and will _away_”--_Waller_ Supply ”_fly_”
”_Up, up_, Glentarkin! rouse thee, ho!”--_Scott_ Supply ”_spring_”
”Henry the Fifth is crowned; _up_, vanity!” Supply ”_stand_”
”_Down_, royal state! all you sage counsellors, _hence_!”--_Shak_ Supply ”_fall_,” and ”_get you_”
”But _up_, and enter now into full bliss”--_Milton_ Supply ”_rise_”
OBS 8--We have, on so a transitive action i the preposition _with_ to an adverb of direction; as, _up with it, doith it, in with it, out with it, over with it, aith it_, and the like; in which construction, the adverb seeh the insertion of the verb would totally enervate or greatly alter the expression Examples: ”She _up with_ her fist, and took him on the face”--_Sydney, in Joh Dictionary_ ”_Aith_ him!”--_Acts_, xxi, 36
”_Aith_ such a fellow fro of assemblies I cannot _aith_”--_Isaiah_, i, 13 ”_Hence with_ denial vain, and coy excuse”--_Milton's Coersoll says, ”Sometimes a whole phrase is used as an interjection, and we call such _interjectional phrases_: as, _out upon him!--aith him!--Alas, onder!_ &c”--_Conversations on Graether several different parts of speech under the notion of one, and calling the whole an ”_adverbial phrase_,” a ”_substantive phrase_,” or an ”_interjectional phrase_,” is but a forced put, by which soe certain difficulties which they know not how to _; for the parser ever deals with the parts of speech as such, and not hole phrases in the lu adverbs when used imperatively, have some resemblance to interjections; but, in some of the examples above cited, they certainly are not used in this manner
OBS 9--A _conjunctive adverb_ usually relates to two verbs at the same time, and thus connects two clauses of a compound sentence; as, ”And the rest will I set in order _when_ I come,”--_1 Cor_, xi, 34 Here _when_ is a conjunctive adverb of time, and relates to the two verbs _will set_ and _co, ”And the rest will I set in order _at the time at which_ I come” This adverb _when_ is often used erroneously in lieu of a nominative after _is_, to which construction of the word, such an interpretation as the foregoing would not be applicable; because the personis, of which he speaks: as, ”Another cause of obscurity is _when_ the structure of the sentence is too much co suspended by parentheses”--_Campbell's Rhet_, p 246 Here the conjunction _that_ would be eously spare them both; thus, ”An other cause of obscurity is too much _complication_, too artificial _a structure_ of the sentence, or too long _a suspension_ of the sense by _parenthesis_”
OBS 10--For the _placing_ of adverbs, no definite general rule can be given; yet is there no other part of speech so liable to be misplaced
Those which relate to adjectives, or to other adverbs, with very few exceptions, i to compound verbs, are commonly placed after the first auxiliary; or, if they be emphatical, after the whole verb Those which relate to simple verbs, or to simple participles, are placed sometimes before and sometimes after them
Examples are so very corammatical purity, speak _unexceptionably_, and yet speak _obscurely_, or _ah we cannot say, that a man ibly_, yet this last case falls _ainst perspicuity, than as a violation of propriety”--_Campbell's Rhet_, p 239
OBS 11--Of the infinitive verb and its preposition _to_, sorammarians say, that they must never be separated by an adverb It is true, that the adverb is, in general, antly placed before the preposition than after it; but, possibly, the latter position of it may sometimes contribute to perspicuity, which is ance: as, ”If any man refuse _so to implore_, and _to so receive_ pardon, let him die the death”--_Fuller, on the Gospel_, p 209 The latter word _so_, if placed like the forht possibly be understood in a different sense from what it now bears But perhaps it would be better to say ”If any man refuse so to implore, and _on such terms_ to receive pardon, let him die the death” ”Honour teaches us _properly_ to respect ourselves”--_Murray's Key_, ii, 252 Here it is not quite clear, to which verb the adverb ”_properly_” relates Soe of the expression is therefore needful
The right to place an adverb sometimes between _to_ and its verb, should, I think, be conceded to the poets: as,
”Who dared _to nobly stem_ tyrannic pride”--BURNS: _C Sat N_
OBS 12--The adverb _no_ is used independently, only when it is equivalent to a whole sentence This word is soree_; and as such it has this peculiarity, that it can relate only to coreater,”--”_No_ sooner” When _no_ is set before a noun, it is clearly an _adjective_, corresponding to the Latin _nullus_; as, ”_No_ clouds, _no_ vapours intervene”--_Dyer_ Dr Johnson, with no great accuracy, reer, _no_ h soed to _not_, that it seems an adverb; as, 'The days are yet _no_ shorter'”--_Quarto Dict_ And his first example of what he calls the ”_adverb_ NO” is this: ”'Our courteous Antony, Whom ne'er the word of _no_ woman heard speak' SHAKSPEARE”--_Ibid_ Dr Webster says, ”When it precedes _where_, as in _no where_, it inally an adjective”--_Octavo Dict_ The truth is, that _no_ is an adverb, whenever it relates to an adjective; an adjective, whenever it relates to a noun; and a noun, whenever it takes the relation of a case