Part 140 (1/2)

”Meanti sands, Smote with keen heat, the Trav'ler stands”--_Union Poems_, p 88

CHAPTER VIII--ADVERBS

The syntax of an Adverb consists in its simple relation to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or whatever else it qualifies; just as the syntax of an English Adjective, (except in a few instances,) consists in its simple relation to a noun or a pronoun

RULE XXI--ADVERBS

Adverbs relate to verbs, participles, adjectives, or other adverbs: as, ”Any passion that _habitually_ disco the duties of life, has _erous ascendency”--_Blair_

”_How_ bless'd this happy hour, should he appear, Dear to us all, to me _supremely_ dear!”--_Pope's Homer_

EXCEPTION FIRST

The adverbs _yes, ay_, and _yea_, expressing a si a sienerally answer a question, and are equivalent to a whole sentence Is it clear, that they ought to be called adverbs? _No_

”Can honour set to a leg? _No_ Or an arrief of a wound? _No_ Honour hath no skill in surgery then? _No_”--SHAK: _First Part of Hen IV_, Act v, 1

EXCEPTION SECOND

The word _amen_, which is cominning or end of a declaration or a prayer; and is itself a prayer, , _So let it be_: as, ”Surely, I come quickly

_Amen_: Even so, come Lord Jesus”--_Rev_, xxii, 20 When it does not stand thus alone, it seeers as”--_Wood's Dict_ ”These things saith the _Amen_”--_Rev_, iii, 14

EXCEPTION THIRD

An adverb before a preposition seems sometimes to relate to the latter, rather than to the verb or participle to which the preposition connects its object; as, ”This mode of pronunciation runs _considerably beyond_ ordinary discourse”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 334 ”Yea, _all along_ the ti that preserved the witnesses”--_Penington's Works_, Vol iv, p 12 [See Obs 8th on Rule 7th]

”_Right against_ the eastern gate, Where the great sun begins his state”--_Milton, L'Allegro_

EXCEPTION FOURTH

The words _inally adjectives, are soative _not_, or (except the last) by such an adverb as _too, how, thus, so_, or _as_, when they are taken substantively; as, ”_Not all_ that glitters, is gold”--”_Too much_ should not be offered at once”--_Murray's Gram_, p 140 ”_Thus far_ is consistent”--_Ib_, p

161 ”_Thus far_ is right”--_Lowth's Gram_, p 101

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE XXI

OBS 1--On this rule of syntax, Dr Adam remarks, ”Adverbs soives Latin exa import: ”Homer _plainly_ an orator:”--”_Truly_ Metellus;”--”_To-” But this doctrine is not well proved by such imperfect phrases, nor can it ever be very consistently admitted, because it destroys the characteristic difference between an adjective and an adverb _To-morrow_ is here an adjective; and as for _truly_ and _plainly_, they are not such words as can ine the phrases to be elliptical: ”_Vere Metellus_,” may mean, ”_This is truly_ Metellus;” and ”_Homerus plane orator_,” ”Homer _was plainly_ an orator” So, in the example, ”Behold an Israelite _indeed_,” the true construction seems to be, ”Behold, _here is indeed_ an Israelite;” for, in the Greek or Latin, the word _Israelite_ is a nominative, thus: ”_Ecce vere Israelita_”--_Beza_; also _Montanus_ ”[Greek: Ide alaethos 'Israaelitaes]”--_Greek Testament

Behold_ appears to be here an interjection, like _Ecce_ If weshould be, ”Behold a _true_ Israelite;” for the text does not mean, ”_Behold indeed_ an Israelite” At least, this is not theas authorities for the doctrine, ”Bullions, Allen and Cornwell, Brace, Butler, and Webber,” has the following remark: ”There are, however, certain forms of expression in which _adverbs_ bear a special relation to _nouns_ or _pronouns_; as, 'Behold I, _even I_, do bring a flood of waters'--_Gen_ 6: 17 'For our gospel came not unto you in _word only_, but also in power'--1 _Thes_ 1: 5”--_Wells's School Graain, in his Punctuation, we find this: ”When, however, the intervening word is an _adverb_, the coives a relish to pleasure'”--_Ib_, p 176 From all this, the doctrine receives no better support than froestion above considered

The word ”_only_” is often an _adjective_, and wherever its ”special relation” is to a noun or a pronoun, it can be nothing else ”_Even_,” when it introduces a word repeated with emphasis, is a _conjunction_

OBS 2--When participles beco with theain_ offorward_ of the action”--_Barnard's Gram_, p 52 But in instances like these, _the hyphen_ seeain_ and _carrying-forward_ co to the here_”--_Shak, Macbeth_

”What! in ill thoughts again?hither_”--_Id_

OBS 3--Whenever any of those words which are commonly used adverbially, are made to relate directly to nouns or pronouns, they must be reckoned _adjectives_, and parsed by Rule 9th Examples: ”The _above_ verbs”--_Dr

Adam_ ”To the _above_ remarks”--_Campbell's Rhet_, p 318 ”The _above instance_”--_Ib_, p 442 ”After the _above_ partial illustration”--_Dr