Part 83 (1/2)

4 Of doubt or uncertainty; as, _Perhaps, haply, possibly, perchance, peradventure, may-be_

5 Of mode or way; as, _Thus, so, how, somehow, nohow, anyhoever, howsoever, like, else, otherwise, across, together, apart, asunder, naly, extethwise_

V _Conjunctive adverbs_ are those which perform the office of conjunctions, and serve to connect sentences, as well as to express soree, or the like This class e to any of the others: as, (1) The adverbs of cause; _herefore, therefore_; but the last two of these are often called conjunctions (2) The pronominal compounds; _herein, therein, wherein_, &c; in which the foroverned by the enclitic particle

OBSERVATIONS

OBS 1--Conjunctive adverbs often relate equally to two verbs in different clauses, on which account it is the uish them from others; as, ”And they feared _when_ they heard that they were Romans,”--_Acts_, xvi, 38 Here _when_ is a conjunctive adverb of tiht of coeneral, _as_ and _when_ they please”--_Holroyd_ Here _as_ is a conjunctive adverb of _ and to _please_

OBS 2--The folloords are the ain, also, as, before, besides, consequently, else, ere, even, furthermore, hence, hoever, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, since, so, still, till, then, thence, therefore, too, until, when, where, wherefore, whither_, and _while_, or _whilst_

OBS 3--Adverbs of _tienerally connected with verbs or participles; those of _degree_ are more frequently placed before adjectives or adverbs: the latter, however, sometimes denote the measure of actions or effects; as, ”And I wept _ly_”--_Gen_, xxvii, 33 ”Writers who had felt _less_, would have said _more_”--_Fuller_

”Victors and vanquished, in the various field, Nor _wholly_ overcome, nor _wholly_ yield”--_Dryden_

OBS 4--The adverbs _here, there_, and _where_, when compounded with prepositions, have the force of pronouns, or of pronominal adjectives: as, _Hereby_, for _by this; thereby_, for _by that_; _whereby_, for _by which_, or _by what_ The prepositions which may be subjoined in this manner, are only the short words, _at, by, for, from, in, into, of, on, to, unto, under, upon_, and _with_ Coh they partake of the nature of pronouns with respect to the nouns going before, are still properly reckoned adverbs, because they relate as such to the verbs which follow them; as, ”You take my life, when you do take the means _whereby_ I live”--_Shak_ Here _whereby_ is a conjunctive adverb, representing _ to the verb _live_[309] This h still frequently used by good authors, and especially by the poets

OBS 5--The adverbs, _when, where, whither, whence, hoherefore, wherein, whereof, whereby_, and other like coatives_; but, as such, they still severally belong to the classes under which they are placed in the foregoing distribution, except that words of interrogation are not at the same time connectives These adverbs, and the three pronouns, _hich_, and _what_, are the only interrogative words in the language; but questions may be asked without any of them, and all have other uses than to ask questions

OBS 6--The conjunctive adverbs, _when, where, whither, whence, how_, and _why_, are sometimes so e used as a sort of _special relatives_, which refer back to antecedent nouns of _ti to their own respectiveadverbs, because they relate as such, to the verbs which follow thee the secrets of men”--_Rom_, ii, 16 ”In a _tiht for soth found here, a _place where_ all real wants ht be easily supplied”--_Dr

Johnson_ ”To that _part_ of the y”--_Id_ ”At _Canterbury, whither_ some voice had run before”--_Wotton_ ”Look unto the _rock whence_ ye are hewn, and to the hole of the _pit whence_ ye are digged”--_Isaiah_, li, 1 ”We may remark three different _sources whence_ it arises”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 163

”I'll tell you a _way how_ you ain”--_Collier's Antoninus_, p 108 ”A crude account of the _method how_ they perceive truth”--_Harris's Hermes_, p 404 ”The _order how_ the Psalter is appointed to be read”--_Co we see the _cause, why_ no substantive is susceptible of these corees”--_Hermes_, p 201 ”There seems no _reason why_ it should not work prosperously”--_Society in A _reasons why_ an extension of her territory would be injurious to her”--_Ib_ ”An other _reason why_ it deserved to be more studied”--_Blair's Rhet_, p 123 ”The _end why_ God hath ordained faith, is, that his free grace lorified”--_Goodwin_

OBS 7--The direct use of adverbs for pronouns, is often, if not generally, inelegant; and, except the expression ht to be considered ungra exa, are susceptible of i”--_Sanborn's Gram_, p 120 Say rather, ”Youth is _that part of life which_ succeeds to childhood” ”The boy gave a satisfactory _reason why_ he was tardy”--_Ibid_ Say rather, ”The boy gave a satisfactory reason _for his tardiness_” ”The several _sources from whence_ these pleasures are derived”--_Murray's Key_, p

258 Say rather--”sources from _which_” ”In _cases where_ it is only said, that a question has been asked”--_Kirkham's Gram_, p 117 Say, ”In _those_ cases _in which_” ”To the false rhetoric of the _age when_ he lived”--_Harris's Here _in which_ he lived”

OBS 8--When a conjunctive adverb is equivalent to both an antecedent and a relative, the construction seems to be less objectionable, and the brevity of the expression affords an additional reason for preferring it, especially in poetry: as, ”But the Son of man hath not _where_ to lay his head”--_Matt_, viii, 20 ”There ht they see _whence_ Po and Ister came”--_Hoole's Tasso_ ”Tell _how_ he forilvie_ ”The wind bloweth _where_ it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell _whence_ it cooeth”--_John_, iii, 8 In this construction, the adverb is so, in fact, _understood_: as,

”Sinks, like a sea-weed, _into whence_ she rose”--_Byron_

”Here Machiavelli's earth return'd _to whence_ it rose”--_Id_

OBS 9--The conjunctive adverb _so_, very often expresses the sense of so before; as, ”Wheresoever the speech is corrupted, _so_ is the mind”--_Seneca's Morals_, p 267 That is, the randeur and sublimity, as terms synony sentence is grossly wrong, because the import of this adverb was not well observed by the writer: ”We have now come to _far the most complicated_ part of speech; and one which is souage requires”--_Nutting's Gram_, p 38 _So_, in so _noun_, and consequently partakes the nature of a _pronoun_; as,

”We think our fathers _fools_, so e grow; Our wiser sons, no doubt, will think us _so_”--_Pope, on Crit_

OBS 10--”_Since_ is often io_: as, 'When were you in France?--Twenty years _since_' It ought to be, 'Twenty years _ago_'

_Since_equally correct to say, 'It is twenty years _since_ I was in France;' and, 'It is twenty years _ago, that_ I was in France'”--_Churchill's Grao_ is clearly this: the for either a preposition or a conjunctive adverb, cannot with strict propriety be used _adjectively_; the latter, being in reality an old participle, naturally coo, a one_, are all used indiscrilish writers as the past participle of the verb _to go_”--_Tooke's Diversions_, Vol i, p 376 ”Three days _agone_, I fell sick”--_1 Samuel_, xxx, 13

MODIFICATIONS

Adverbs have no modifications, except that a few are compared, after the manner of adjectives: as, _soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest;[310] long, longer, longest; fast, faster, fastest_

The following are irregularly compared: _well, better, best; badly_ or _ill, worse, worst; little less, least; much, more, most; far, farther, farthest; forth, further, furthest Rath, rather, rathest_, is now used only in the comparative

OBSERVATIONS