Part 82 (1/2)

x, l 325 ”Not so thick swaron”--_Ib_, B x, l 527 ”And in a troubled sea of passion tost”--_Ib_, B x, l 718 ”The cause, alas, is quickly guest”--_Swift's Poems_, p 404 ”The kettle to the top was hoist”--_Ib_, p 274 ”In chains thy syllables are linkt”--_Ib_, p 318 ”Rather than thus be overtopt, Would you not wish their laurels cropt?”--_Ib_, p 415 ”The hyphen, or conjoiner, is a little line, drawed to connect words, or parts of words”--_Cobbett's E Graeneral rule is sometimes broke”--_Joh Gram Com_, p

334 ”Some intransitive verbs may be rendered transitive by means of a preposition prefixt to them”--_Grant's Lat Gram_, p 66 ”Whoever now should place the accent on the first syllable of _Valerius_, would set every body a-laughing”--_Walker's Dict_ ”Being ed, spitted on, and crucified”--_Gurney's Essays_, p 40

”For rhyes o'erflown”--_Roscommon_

”In my own Thames may I be drownded, If e'er I stoop beneath a crown'd-head”--_Swift_

CHAPTER VIII--ADVERBS

An Adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb; and generally expresses tiree, or ently_

OBSERVATIONS

OBS 1--Adverbs briefly express ould otherwise require several words: as _Now_, for _at this tiree_;--_Diligently_, for _in an industriousof al with a preposition and ending with a noun

OBS 2--There are several customary combinations of short words, which are used adverbially, and which so; _as, not at all, at length, in fine, in full, at least, at present, at once, this once, in vain, no doubt, on board_ But all words that convey distinct ideas, and rightly retain their individuality, ought to be taken separately in parsing With the liberty of supposing a few ellipses, an ingenious parser will seldom find occasion to speak of ”adverbial phrases” In these instances, _length, doubt, fine_, and _board_, are unquestionably nouns; _once_, too, is used as a noun; _full_ and _all_ may be parsed either as nouns, or as adjectives whose nouns are understood; _at least_, is, _at the least measure; at present_, is, _at the present time_; and _in vain_, is, _in a vain course, or manner_

OBS 3--A phrase is a combination of two or _ of which of course iuage into words, and the division of its words into parts of speech, have never yet beentheether as possible Hence such terms as _everywhere, anywhere, nowadays, forever, everso, to-day, to-morrow, by-and-by, inside-out, upside-down_, if they are to be parsed siht to be compounded, and not written as phrases

OBS 4--Under nearly all the different classes of words, some particular instances may be quoted, in which other parts of speech seem to take the nature of adverbs, so as either to become such, or to be apparently used _for_ them (1) ARTICLES: ”This may appear incredible, but it is not _the_ less true”--_Dr Murray's Hist_, i, 337 ”The other party was _a_ little coy”--_D Webster_ (2) NOUNS: ”And scrutiny became _stone_[306]

blind”--_Cowper_ ”He will co _post_ when he eance sent froypt”--_Milton, P L_, B iv, l

170 ”That I should care _a groat_ whether he likes the work or not”--_Kirkhaeance_ cold”--_Swift_ (3) ADJECTIVES: ”Drink _deep_, or taste not”--_Pope_ ”A place _wondrous_ deep”--_Webster's Dict_ ”That fools should be so _deep_ contemplative”--_Shak_ ”A man may speak _louder_ or _softer_ in the saes his key”--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p 116 (4) pronOUNS: ”_What_ am I eased?”--_Job_ ”_What_ have I offended thee?”--_Gen_, xx, 9 ”He is _soant”--_Dryden_ (5) VERBS: ”_Smack_ went the whip, round went the wheels”--_Cowper_ ”For then the far theon deck”--_Robinson Crusoe_ ”Then straight went the yard _slap_ over their noddle”--Arbuthnot (6) PARTICIPLES: ”Like _ hot”--_Dodd_ ”My clothes are al_ h _ sweet, the hour to _ to our duty”--_Dr Johnson_ ”A _ as he had lifted up axes upon the thick trees”--_Psal_, lxxiv, 5 (7) CONJUNCTIONS: ”Look, _as_ I blow this feather froently”--_Locke_ ”He was _but_ born to try the lot of o _in_ and _out_”--_Bible_ ”Fro _up_ and _down_ in it”--_Ib_ These are actually _adverbs_, and not prepositions, because they govern nothing (9) INTERJECTIONS are never used as adverbs, though the Greek gra of other words for adverbs, (i e, the adverbial use of any words that we do not actually call adverbs,) e_:[307] as,

”_Tramp, tramp_, across the land they speed, _Splash, splash_, across the sea”--_Burger_

OBS 5--As other parts of speech seem sometimes to take the nature of adverbs, so adverbs sometimes, either really or apparently, assume the nature of other parts of speech (1) Of NOUNS: as, ”A committee is not needed ood; _the yes_ or _the no_ must be accompanied and supported by reasons”--_Dr

M'Cartee_ ”Shall I tell you _why?_ Ay, sir, and _wherefore_; for, they say, every _why_ hath a _wherefore_”--_Shak_ (2) Of ADJECTIVES: as, ”Nebuchadnezzar invaded the country, and reduced it to an _almost_ desert”--_Wood's Dict, w Moab_ ”The _then_ bishop of London, Dr Laud, attended on his Majesty”--_Clarendon_ ”With _upward_ speed his agile wings he spread”--_Prior_ ”She lights the _doard_ heaven, and rises there”--_Dryden_ (3) Of pronOUNS: as, ”He liked the ground _whereon_ she trod”--_Milton_ ”_Wherein_ have you been galled by the king?”--_Shak_ ”O how unlike the place from _whence_ they fell!”--_Par Lost_, B i, l 75

Here _whereon_ is exactly equivalent in sense to _on which; wherein_, to _in what_; and _whence_, to _which_: but none of them are actually reckoned pronouns (4) Of VERBS: as, ”If he be hungry, more than wanton, bread alone will _down_”--_Locke_ ”To _down_ proud hearts that would not willing die”--_Sidney_ ”She never could _aith lister like the God of war”--_Id_ ”_Up_, get ye out of this place”--_Gen_, xix, 14 (5) Of CONJUNCTIONS: as, ”I, _even_ I, am he”--_Isaiah_, xliii, 25 ”If I will that he tarry _till_ I coo and see hio _whence_ I shall not return”--_Job_, x, 21 (6) Of PREPOSITIONS: as, ”Superior to any that are dug _out_ the ground”--_Eames's Lect_, p 28 ”Who act _so counter_ heavenly mercy's plan”--_Burns_ Better perhaps, ”_out of_” and ”_counter to_” (7) Of INTERJECTIONS: as, ”_Up, up_, Glentarkin! rouse thee, ho!”--_Scott_ ”_Down, down_, cried Mar, your lances _down!_”--_Id_ ”_Off!_ or I fly for ever froht”--_Smith_

OBS 6--In these last examples, _up_, and _down_, and _off_, have perhaps as much resemblance to imperative verbs, as to interjections; but they need not be referred to either of these classes, because by supplying a verb we may easily parse them as adverbs I neither adopt the notion of Horne Tooke, that the sa to different parts of speech, nor refer every word to that class to which it ; for both of these methods are impracticable and absurd The essential nature of each part of speech, and every important peculiarity of its individual terms, it is hoped, will be sufficiently explained in some part or other of this work; but, as the classification of words often depends upon their _construction_, soo to determine the parts of speech, must be looked for under the head of Syntax

OBS 7--The proper classification, or subdivision, of adverbs, though it does not appear to have been discovered by any of our earlier gra and nature of the words themselves The four important circumstances of any event or assertion, are the _when_, the _where_, the _how-ree_, and the _s which we usually express by adverbs And seldom, if ever, do we find any adverb the notion of which does not correspond to that of _soeneral classes of this sort of words ought to be formed under these four heads The classification heretofore rammar, has every fault which the spirit of aardness could possibly give it The head of it is this: ”Adverbs, _though very numerous_, may be reduced to _certain_ classes, the _chief_ of which are _those of_ Number, Order, Place, Tiation, Interrogation, and Comparison”--_Murray's Gram_, p 115; _Comly's_, 66; _Kirkham's_, 86; _R

C Smith's_, 34; _Hall's_, 26; _and others_

CLassES

Adverbs eneral classes; naree_, and of _uish the particular class of _conjunctive_ adverbs

I Adverbs of _ti? How soon?_ or, _How often?_ including these which ask

OBS--Adverbs of time may be subdivided as follows:--

1 Of time present; as, _Now, yet, to-day, nowadays, presently, instantly, ihtway, directly, forthwith_