Part 21 (1/2)

CHAPTER 9: RESISTANCE AND INCINERATION.

1 Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 246; Zaloga, Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 246; Zaloga, Bagration Bagration, 27, 28, 43, 56.

2 Zaloga, Zaloga, Bagration Bagration, 7, 69, 71. The Americans had been in Italy since 1943.

3 Grossman, Grossman, Road Road, 27. See also Furet, Pa.s.se Pa.s.se, 536; and Gerard, Bones Bones, 187-189. Grossman may not have understood that the signs of the ma.s.s murder were visible because the local Polish population had been looking for valuables. It would have been impossible for him to write that the guards at Treblinka were Soviet citizens.

4 Engelking, Engelking, ydzi ydzi, 260. See also Miosz, Legends Legends; and Snyder, ”Wartime Lies.”

5 Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz, ”U podstaw tworzenia Armii Krajowej,” 124-157. Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz, ”U podstaw tworzenia Armii Krajowej,” 124-157.

6 On fighting for the restoration of Poland as a democratic republic, see Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 19, 23, 34. On the NKVD, see Engelking, On fighting for the restoration of Poland as a democratic republic, see Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 19, 23, 34. On the NKVD, see Engelking, ydzi ydzi, 147.

7 Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 24. Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 24.

8 Wdowinski, Wdowinski, Saved Saved, 78; Arens, ”Jewish Military,” 205.

9 Wdowinski, Wdowinski, Saved Saved, 79, 82; Libionka, ”Pomnik,” 110; Libionka, ”Deconstructing,” 4; Libionka, ”Apokryfy,” 166.

10 On Agudas Israel, see Bacon, On Agudas Israel, see Bacon, Politics of Tradition. Politics of Tradition.

11 The story of the formation of the Jewish Combat Organization is complex. See Sakowska, The story of the formation of the Jewish Combat Organization is complex. See Sakowska, Ludzie Ludzie, 322-325; and Zuckerman, Surplus. Surplus.

12 On the rescue organization, see Bartoszewski, On the rescue organization, see Bartoszewski, Warszawski piercie Warszawski piercie, 16; and Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 27, 33, 36, 39, 56.

13 Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 60, 71. Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 60, 71.

14 Bartoszewski, Bartoszewski, Ten jest Ten jest, 32; Sakowska, Ludzie Ludzie, 321, quotation (Marek Lichtenbaum) at 326.

15 Gutman, Gutman, Resistance Resistance, 198.

16 Engelking, Engelking, Warsaw Ghetto Warsaw Ghetto, 763; Kopka, Warschau Warschau, 33-34.

17 On the arms cache, see Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 69; and Moczarski, On the arms cache, see Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 69; and Moczarski, Rozmowy Rozmowy, 232. On the anti-Semitic minority, see Engelking, ydzi ydzi, 193, and pa.s.sim.

18 Quotation (Himmler): Kopka, Quotation (Himmler): Kopka, Warschau Warschau, 36.

19 Szapiro, Szapiro, Wojna Wojna, 9; Milton, Stroop Stroop, pa.s.sim; Libionka, ”Polska konspiracja,” 472.

20 Quotation (Gustawa Jarecka): Ka.s.sow, Quotation (Gustawa Jarecka): Ka.s.sow, History History, 183.

21 Engelking, Engelking, Warsaw Ghetto Warsaw Ghetto, 774; Engelking, Getto warszawskie Getto warszawskie, 733; Gutman, Resistance Resistance, 201.

22 Szapiro, Szapiro, Wojna Wojna, pa.s.sim; also Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 82.

23 Quotations: Zuckerman, Quotations: Zuckerman, Surplus Surplus, 357; Szapiro, Wojna Wojna, 35.

24 On the flags, see Milton, On the flags, see Milton, Stroop. Stroop. Quotation: Moczarski, Quotation: Moczarski, Rozmowy Rozmowy, 200.

25 The Edelman testimony is in ”Proces Stroopa Tom 1,” SWMW-874, IVk 222/51, now at IPN. The Edelman testimony is in ”Proces Stroopa Tom 1,” SWMW-874, IVk 222/51, now at IPN.

26 Moczarski, Moczarski, Rozmowy Rozmowy, 252, quotation at 253.

27 Engelking, Engelking, Warsaw Ghetto Warsaw Ghetto, 794.

28 Puawski, Puawski, W obliczu W obliczu, 412, 420-421, 446. On the pope, see Libionka, ”Gow w mur.”

29 Quotation: Engelking, Quotation: Engelking, Warsaw Ghetto Warsaw Ghetto, 795. On the eleven attempts to help Jews, see Engelking, Getto warszawskie Getto warszawskie, 745; and Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 79. On the Soviet propaganda, see Redlich, Propaganda Propaganda, 49.

30 On Wilner, see Sakowska, Ludzie, 326. On Wilner, see Sakowska, Ludzie, 326.

31 Quotation: Engelking, Quotation: Engelking, Getto warszawskie Getto warszawskie, 750; Gutman, Resistance Resistance, 247; Marrus, ”Jewish Resistance,” 98; Friedlander, Extermination Extermination, 598.

32 For the numbers cited, see Bartoszewski, For the numbers cited, see Bartoszewski, Warszawski piercie Warszawski piercie, 256. On 1 June 1943, see Kopka, Warschau Warschau, 39.

33 See Zimmerman, ”Att.i.tude,” 120; and Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 119-123. See Zimmerman, ”Att.i.tude,” 120; and Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 119-123.

34 Bartoszewski, Bartoszewski, Warszawski piercie Warszawski piercie, 242.

35 Madajczyk, ”Generalplan,” 15; Rutherford, Madajczyk, ”Generalplan,” 15; Rutherford, Prelude Prelude, 218; Aly, Architects Architects, 275; Ahonen, People People, 39.

36 On March 1943, see Borodziej, On March 1943, see Borodziej, Uprising Uprising, 41. On the extermination of Jews as a motive, see Puawski, W obliczu W obliczu, 442. For the 6,214 instances of partisan resistance, see BA-MA, RH 53-23 (WiG), 66.

37 On 13 October 1943, see Bartoszewski, On 13 October 1943, see Bartoszewski, Warszawski piercie Warszawski piercie, 286. On the plaster and earth, see Kopka, Warschau, Warschau, 58-59. 58-59.

38 Bartoszewski, Bartoszewski, Warszawski piercie Warszawski piercie, 331, 348, 376, 378, 385, figure at 427.

39 Kopka, Kopka, Warschau Warschau, 40.

40 Ibid., 46, 53, 75. Ibid., 46, 53, 75.

41 Quotation: Kopka, Quotation: Kopka, Warschau Warschau, 69.

42 Kopka, Kopka, Warschau Warschau, 60.

43 On the Bagration connection, see Zaloga, On the Bagration connection, see Zaloga, Bagration Bagration, 82.

44 The Allies discussed the future Polish border at the Tehran summit of 28 November-1 December 1943; see Ciechanowski, The Allies discussed the future Polish border at the Tehran summit of 28 November-1 December 1943; see Ciechanowski, Powstanie Powstanie, 121.

45 Operatsia ”Seim Operatsia ”Seim,” 5 and pa.s.sim. 5 and pa.s.sim.

46 On Bielski's partisan unit, see Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 112. For multiple perspectives on Bielski, see Snyder, ”Caught Between.” On Bielski's partisan unit, see Libionka, ”ZWZ-AK,” 112. For multiple perspectives on Bielski, see Snyder, ”Caught Between.”

47 On 22 July 1944, see Borodziej, On 22 July 1944, see Borodziej, Uprising Uprising, 64.