Part 20 (1/2)

30 Smolar, Smolar, Ghetto Ghetto, 158; Projektgruppe, ”Existiert,” 231; Brakel, ”Versorgung,” 400-401. On the women and children, see Smilovitsky, ”Antisemitism,” 218.

31 On Zorin, see Slepyan, On Zorin, see Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 209; and Epstein, Minsk Minsk, 24. On the raid, see Ehrenburg, Black Book Black Book, 135. On Rufeisen, see Matthaus, ”Reibungslos,” 254.

32 Tec, Tec, Defiance Defiance, 80, 82, 145, 185, quotation at 80; Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 210; Musial, ”Sowjetische,” 185, 201-202.

33 On the 23,000 partisans and the ”partisan republics,” see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 231. On the civilians, see Brakel, On the 23,000 partisans and the ”partisan republics,” see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 231. On the civilians, see Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern Unter Rotem Stern, 290, 304; Szybieka, Historia Historia, 349; Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 81; and Mironowicz, Biaoru Biaoru, 160. On the locomotives, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 868.

34 Musial, Musial, Mythos Mythos, 189, 202; Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 238; Ingrao, Cha.s.seurs Cha.s.seurs, 131; Verbrechen Verbrechen, 495.

35 Slepyan, Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 17, 42.

36 Kravets and Gera.s.simova are quoted in Projektgruppe, ”Existiert,” 47, 126. For the use of ”wh.o.r.e” as the standard mode of address, see Chiari, Kravets and Gera.s.simova are quoted in Projektgruppe, ”Existiert,” 47, 126. For the use of ”wh.o.r.e” as the standard mode of address, see Chiari, Alltag Alltag, 256. On the game of hide-and-seek, see Projektgruppe, ”Existiert,” 164.

37 On 18 August, see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 232; and Westermann, ”Ideological Soldiers,” 57. On ”special treatment,” see Musial, On 18 August, see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 232; and Westermann, ”Ideological Soldiers,” 57. On ”special treatment,” see Musial, Mythos Mythos, 145. On the villagers to be destroyed ”like Jews,” see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 239.

38 Westermann, ”Ideological Soldiers,” 53, 54, 60; Gerlach, Westermann, ”Ideological Soldiers,” 53, 54, 60; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 705, 919.

39 For the reckoning of 208,089 Jews killed in Belarus in 1942, see Brandon, ”The Holocaust in 1942.” This does not include the Biaystok region, which was part of the BSSR in 1939-1941 but not after the war. For the reckoning of 208,089 Jews killed in Belarus in 1942, see Brandon, ”The Holocaust in 1942.” This does not include the Biaystok region, which was part of the BSSR in 1939-1941 but not after the war.

40 On Gottberg, see Klein, ”Ma.s.senmorder,” 95-99. On Bach and for the numbers cited, see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 233, 239. On Gottberg, see Klein, ”Ma.s.senmorder,” 95-99. On Bach and for the numbers cited, see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 233, 239.

41 Stang, ”Dirlew.a.n.ger,” 66-70; Ingrao, Stang, ”Dirlew.a.n.ger,” 66-70; Ingrao, Cha.s.seurs Cha.s.seurs, 20-21, figure (”at least thirty thousand civilians”) at 26, 132; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 958; MacLean, Hunters Hunters, 28, 133.

42 On the kill quotas, see Gerlach, On the kill quotas, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 890. On Operation Swamp Fever, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 911-913, 930; Benz, Einsatz Einsatz, 239; Matthaus, ”Reibungslos,” 267; and Ingrao, Cha.s.seurs Cha.s.seurs, 34. On Jeckeln, see Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern Unter Rotem Stern, 295. On Hornung, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 946; and Klein, ”Ma.s.senmorder,” 100.

43 Brakel, Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern Unter Rotem Stern, 304; Smilovitsky, ”Antisemitism,” 220. On the prewar communists, see Rein, ”Local Collaborators,” 394.

44 On the eight hundred policemen and militiamen, see Musial, On the eight hundred policemen and militiamen, see Musial, Mythos Mythos, 266. On the twelve thousand, see Mironowicz, Biaoru Biaoru, 160. See also Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 209.

45 Szybieka, Szybieka, Historia Historia, 345, 352; Mironowicz, Biaoru Biaoru, 159.

46 On October 1942, see Nolte, ”Partisan War,” 274. On October 1942, see Nolte, ”Partisan War,” 274.

47 Klein, ”Zwischen,” 100. Klein, ”Zwischen,” 100.

48 On Operation Cottbus, see Gerlach, On Operation Cottbus, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 948; Pohl, Herrschaft Herrschaft, 293; Musial, Mythos Mythos, 195; and Verbrechen Verbrechen, 492. On the swine, see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 241.

49 On Operation Hermann, see Musial, On Operation Hermann, see Musial, Mythos Mythos, 212; and Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 907.

50 On the shooting of 127 Poles, see Musial, On the shooting of 127 Poles, see Musial, Mythos Mythos, 210. See also Jasiewicz, Zagada Zagada , 264-265. , 264-265.

51 Brakel, Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern Unter Rotem Stern, 317; Gogun, Stalinskie komandos Stalinskie komandos, 144.

52 Shephard, ”Wild East,” 174; Angrick, Shephard, ”Wild East,” 174; Angrick, Einsatzgruppe D Einsatzgruppe D, 680-689. Quotation: Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 242.

53 Birn, ”Anti-Partisan Warfare,” 291; see also, generally, Klein, ”Zwischen,” 96. Birn, ”Anti-Partisan Warfare,” 291; see also, generally, Klein, ”Zwischen,” 96.

54 Dallin, Dallin, Brigade Brigade, 8-58.

55 Chiari, Chiari, Alltag Alltag, 138; Szybieka, Historia Historia, 346; Mironowicz, Biaoru Biaoru, 148, 155.

56 Szybieka, Szybieka, Historia Historia, 346.

57 Musial, ”Sowjetische,” 183. Musial, ”Sowjetische,” 183.

58 On the figures cited (”fifteen thousand” and ”ninety-two”), see Ingrao, On the figures cited (”fifteen thousand” and ”ninety-two”), see Ingrao, Cha.s.seurs Cha.s.seurs , 36. For the figure of 5,295 localities, see Gerlach, , 36. For the figure of 5,295 localities, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 943. On the 10,431 partisans reported shot, see Klee, Gott mit uns Gott mit uns, 55. On the diary, see Luck, ”Partisanbekampfung,” 239. See also Matthaus, ”Reibungslos,” 268.

59 Gerlach, Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 1158.

60 On the killing of 17,431 people as traitors, see On the killing of 17,431 people as traitors, see Musial Musial, Mythos, 261. On cla.s.s enemies, see Jasiewicz, Zagada Zagada, 264-265.

61 Gerlach, Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 1160. Chiari estimates that 276,000 Poles had been killed or moved by the end of the war; see Alltag Alltag, 306.

62 On the crematoria, see Gerlach, ”Mogilev,” 68. On Asgard, see Gerlach, On the crematoria, see Gerlach, ”Mogilev,” 68. On Asgard, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 425.

63 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 136-137.

CHAPTER 8: THE n.a.z.i DEATH FACTORIES.

1 Compare two fundamental works by one historian: Arad, Compare two fundamental works by one historian: Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, and Arad, Soviet Union. Soviet Union.

2 Quotation: Wa.s.ser, Quotation: Wa.s.ser, Raumplannung Raumplannung, 61, also 77. On the special status of Lublin, see Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 14; Musia, ”Przypadek,” 24; and Dwork, Auschwitz Auschwitz, 290. On the implementation of Generalplan Ost known as the ”Zamo Action,” see Autuchiewicz, ”Stan,” 71; Aly, Architects Architects, 275; and Tooze, Wages of Destruction Wages of Destruction, 468. On the date cited (13 October 1941), see Pohl, ”Znaczenie,” 45.

3 Browning, Browning, Origins Origins, 419; Rieger, Globocnik Globocnik, 60.

4 On the lack of personnel, see Musia, ”Przypadek,” 31. On German preferences, see Black, ”Handlanger,” 315. On the lack of personnel, see Musia, ”Przypadek,” 31. On German preferences, see Black, ”Handlanger,” 315.

5 Browning, Browning, Origins Origins, 419; Black, ”Handlanger,” 320.

6 Evans, Evans, Third Reich at War Third Reich at War, 84-90.

7 Quotation: Gerlach, ”Wannsee,” 782. See also Rie, ”Wirth,” 244; Pohl, ”Znaczenie,” 45; and Poprzeczny, Quotation: Gerlach, ”Wannsee,” 782. See also Rie, ”Wirth,” 244; Pohl, ”Znaczenie,” 45; and Poprzeczny, Globocnik Globocnik, 163. On Wirth's role, see Black, ”Prosty,” 105; and Scheffler, ”Probleme,” 270, 276. The ”euthanasia” program continued, with greater stealth, now with the use of lethal injections and drug overdoses. Tens of thousands more Germans were killed in the years to come.

8 Kershaw, Kershaw, Final Solution Final Solution, 71; Mazower, Hitler's Empire Hitler's Empire, 191 and pa.s.sim.

9 Quotation: Kershaw, Quotation: Kershaw, Final Solution Final Solution, 66. See also, generally, Mallmann, ”Rozwiza,” 85-95, date at 95; Horwitz, Ghettostadt Ghettostadt, 154; and Friedlander, Origins Origins, 314-318. On Lange, see Friedlander, Origins Origins, 286; and Kershaw, Final Solution Final Solution, 71.

10 According to Arad, Wirth was responsible for the design; see According to Arad, Wirth was responsible for the design; see Reinhard Reinhard, 24.

11 See Pohl, See Pohl, Ostgalizien Ostgalizien; and Sandkuhler, Galizien. Galizien.

12 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 44, 56; Mynarczyk, Judenmord Judenmord, 252, 257. On 14 March, see Rieger, Globocnik Globocnik, 108. On the 1,600 Jews who lacked labor doc.u.ments, see Poprzeczny, Globocnik Globocnik, 226.

13 Mynarczyk, Mynarczyk, Judenmord Judenmord, 260.

14 On the daily quotas and more generally, see Mynarczyk, On the daily quotas and more generally, see Mynarczyk, Judenmord Judenmord, 260; and Pohl, Verfolgung Verfolgung, 94.