Part 17 (1/2)

29 Quotation: Dzwonkowski, Quotation: Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 94. On Zhmerynka, see Stroski, Represje Represje, 225.

30 Quotation: Dzwonkowski, Quotation: Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 244. See also Stroski, Represje Represje, 235; and Iwanow, Stalinizm Stalinizm, 153.

31 On Koszewicz, the undergarments, and the message, see Dzwonkowski, On Koszewicz, the undergarments, and the message, see Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 90, 101, 147.

32 On autumn 1937 and the orphanages, see Petrov, ”Pol'skaia operatsiia,” 26; Kupczak, On autumn 1937 and the orphanages, see Petrov, ”Pol'skaia operatsiia,” 26; Kupczak, Polacy Polacy, 327, 329; and Jansen, Executioner Executioner, 97. On Piwiski and Paszkiewicz, see Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 151, 168.

33 On Sobolewska, see Dzwonkowski, On Sobolewska, see Dzwonkowski, G.o.d G.o.d, 215-219, at 219.

34 Petrov, ”Pol'skaia operatsiia,” 30; Binner, ”Ma.s.senmord,” 591; Werth, Petrov, ”Pol'skaia operatsiia,” 30; Binner, ”Ma.s.senmord,” 591; Werth, Terreur Terreur, 294, 470.

35 On the sentencing of 100 and 138 people, see Stroski, On the sentencing of 100 and 138 people, see Stroski, Represje Represje, 228.

36 For the figure 111,091, see Petrov, ”Pol'skaia operatsiia,” 32. For the estimate of eighty-five thousand executions of Soviet Poles, see Petrov, ”Polish Operation,” 171. Jansen, For the figure 111,091, see Petrov, ”Pol'skaia operatsiia,” 32. For the estimate of eighty-five thousand executions of Soviet Poles, see Petrov, ”Polish Operation,” 171. Jansen, Executioner Executioner, 99, draws a similar conclusion. Naumov estimates the Polish dead at 95,000; see NKVD NKVD, 299. See also Schlogel, Terror Terror, 636.

37 Compare Morris, ”Polish Terror,” 762, whose calculations are almost identical. Compare Morris, ”Polish Terror,” 762, whose calculations are almost identical.

38 For comparative arrest numbers, see Khaustov, ”Deiatel'nost,” 316. Here and elsewhere, remarks about the weakness of the Polish intelligence presence in 1937 and 1938 are based upon weeks of review of the pertinent files of the Second Department of the Polish General Staff in the Polish military archives (the Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, or CAW). See Snyder, For comparative arrest numbers, see Khaustov, ”Deiatel'nost,” 316. Here and elsewhere, remarks about the weakness of the Polish intelligence presence in 1937 and 1938 are based upon weeks of review of the pertinent files of the Second Department of the Polish General Staff in the Polish military archives (the Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, or CAW). See Snyder, Sketches Sketches, 83-112, for a more detailed discussion and a range of archival citations. I also discuss there the question of the harm the Terror did to the Soviet security position.

39 In the Caucasus, smaller numbers of people were also forcibly transferred; see Baberowski, In the Caucasus, smaller numbers of people were also forcibly transferred; see Baberowski, Feind Feind, 771-772. On the killing of 20,474 people, see Kuromiya, ”Asian Nexus,” 13. See also Gelb, ”Koreans.”

40 Quotation: Evans, Quotation: Evans, Power Power, 357. On the German action, see Order 00439 (55,005 sentences, 41,989 death sentences). See also Schlogel, Terror Terror, 628.

41 Khlevniuk, Khlevniuk, Gulag Gulag, 147. I am citing the figures in Binner, ”S etoj,” 207. Martin gives 386,798 deaths under Order 00447; see ”Origins,” 855.

42 Soviet Ukraine represented twenty-two percent of the population and saw twenty-seven percent of the convictions; see Gregory, Soviet Ukraine represented twenty-two percent of the population and saw twenty-seven percent of the convictions; see Gregory, Terror Terror, 265. For the 123,421 death sentences, see Nikol's'kyi, Represyvna Represyvna, 402; at 340 are the national proportions of those arrested during 1937-1938 in Soviet Ukraine: Ukrainians 53.2 percent (78.2 percent of population), Russians 7.7 percent (11.3 percent of population), Jews 2.6 percent (5.2 percent of population), Poles 18.9 percent (1.5 percent of population), and Germans 10.2 percent (1.4 percent of population).

43 Khlevniuk, ”Party and NKVD,” 23, 28; Binner, ”Ma.s.senmord,” 591-593. Khlevniuk, ”Party and NKVD,” 23, 28; Binner, ”Ma.s.senmord,” 591-593.

44 On the proportions of ranking officers, see Petrov, On the proportions of ranking officers, see Petrov, Kto rukovodil Kto rukovodil, 475; and Gregory, Terror Terror, 63. The representation of Jews in summer 1936 was still higher at the rank of general (fifty-four percent) and in the central apparatus of the NKVD in Moscow (sixty-four percent) and among ranking officers in Soviet Ukraine (sixty-seven percent). See Naumov, Bor'ba Bor'ba, 119, for the first two; Zolotar'ov, ”Nachalnyts'kyi,” 326-331, for the third. Latvians, Germans, and Poles disappeared entirely from the top ranks of the NKVD during the Great Terror. The Pole Stanisaw Redens, for example, was the head of the Moscow NKVD and, as such, had signed the orders to execute 20,761 people in the Terror. He himself was arrested and later executed as a Polish nationalist.

45 On the state pensions, see Kotkin, On the state pensions, see Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain Magnetic Mountain, 122.

46 Haslam, Haslam, Collective Security Collective Security, 194.

47 Hirsch, Hirsch, Empire Empire, 293-294.

48 On Austria, see Dean, On Austria, see Dean, Robbing Robbing, 86, 94, 105.

49 On the expulsion, see Tomaszewski, On the expulsion, see Tomaszewski, Preludium Preludium, 5, 139, pa.s.sim. See also Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung Politik der Vernichtung, 193-204; and Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, 459, 472.

50 Goeschel, Goeschel, Concentration Camps Concentration Camps, 24.

51 On 12 November 1938, see Polian, ”Schriftwechsel,” 4. On 12 November 1938, see Polian, ”Schriftwechsel,” 4.

52 On Madagascar, see Polian, ”Schriftwechsel,” 4, 8. On the Revisionists, see Arens, ”Jewish Military,” 205; and Spektor, ”ydzi woyscy,” 539. On Madagascar, see Polian, ”Schriftwechsel,” 4, 8. On the Revisionists, see Arens, ”Jewish Military,” 205; and Spektor, ”ydzi woyscy,” 539.

53 On Polish-German relations, see Roos, On Polish-German relations, see Roos, Polen Polen, 253, 396; Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, 475; and Weinberg, Foreign Policy Foreign Policy, 20, 404, 484.

54 Quotation: Evans, Quotation: Evans, Power Power, 604.

55 Kershaw, Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, 482; Zarusky, ”Hitler bedeutet Krieg,” 106-107.

56 See Haslam, See Haslam, Collective Security Collective Security, 90, 153. On Litvinov, see Herf, Jewish Enemy Jewish Enemy, 104; and Orwell, Orwell and Politics Orwell and Politics, 78.

57 Quotation: Wieczorkiewicz, Quotation: Wieczorkiewicz, acuch acuch, 323.

58 Haslam, Haslam, Collective Security Collective Security, 227. Quotation: Weinberg, World at Arms World at Arms, 25. I have not discussed Koestler's experiences in Spain, which coincided with the imprisonment of his friend Weissberg in the USSR; see G.o.d That Failed G.o.d That Failed, 75-80.

59 Quotations: Lukacs, Quotations: Lukacs, Last European War Last European War, 58-59.

60 Krebs, ”j.a.pan,” 543; Haslam, Krebs, ”j.a.pan,” 543; Haslam, East East, 132.

61 Levine, Levine, In Search of Sugihara In Search of Sugihara, 121; Sakamoto, j.a.panese Diplomats j.a.panese Diplomats, 102; Kuromiya, Midzy Warsaw a Tokio Midzy Warsaw a Tokio, 470-485; Hasegawa, Racing Racing, 13.

CHAPTER 4: MOLOTOV-RIBBENTROP EUROPE.

1 Bohler, Bohler, Verbrechen Verbrechen, 16, 69, 72, 74, Bohler, uberfall uberfall, 100. Datner counts 158; see 55 Dni 55 Dni, 94.

2 On Warsaw, see Bohler, On Warsaw, see Bohler, uberfall uberfall, 171-172. On the strafing, see Datner, 55 Dni 55 Dni, 96; and Mazower, Hitler's Empire Hitler's Empire, 67.

3 Naumann, ”Die Morder,” 54-55; Gra.s.s, Naumann, ”Die Morder,” 54-55; Gra.s.s, Beim Hauten Beim Hauten, 15-16.

4 On the death of German soldiers as ”murder,” see Datner, On the death of German soldiers as ”murder,” see Datner, Zbrodnie Zbrodnie, 73. For ”insolence,” see Lukacs, Last European War Last European War, 58. On the barn and cavalry, see Datner, Zbrodnie Zbrodnie, 72, 69; Rossino, Hitler Hitler, 166, 169; and Bohler, Verbrechen Verbrechen, 23.

5 Here is the instruction in somewhat greater detail: ”Close your hearts to pity. Brutal action. Eighty million must get their due. Their existence must be secured. The stronger has the right. The greatest of severity.” See Mallman, Here is the instruction in somewhat greater detail: ”Close your hearts to pity. Brutal action. Eighty million must get their due. Their existence must be secured. The stronger has the right. The greatest of severity.” See Mallman, Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppen, 54. On Ciepielow, see Bohler, Verbrechen Verbrechen, 131. On the red cross, see Rossino, Hitler Hitler, 181; see also 184. For other tank incidents, see Datner, Zbrodnia Zbrodnia, 62.

6 For ”Poles are the slaves” and the death grimace, see Rossino, For ”Poles are the slaves” and the death grimace, see Rossino, Hitler Hitler, 141, 204. On ”the intention of the Leader to destroy and exterminate the Polish people,” see Mallmann, Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppen, 57.

7 Rossino, Rossino, Hitler Hitler, 138, 141; Bohler, Verbrechen Verbrechen, 100.

8 Bartoszewski, Bartoszewski, Warszawski piercie Warszawski piercie, 52-53.

9 Bohler, Bohler, Verbrechen Verbrechen, 19.

10 On Solec, see Bohler, On Solec, see Bohler, Verbrechen Verbrechen, 116. On the Jewish boy who asked for water, see Rossino, Hitler Hitler, 172. On Dynow, see Bohler, uberfall uberfall, 200. Rossino estimates that Jews were seven thousand of the fifty thousand Polish civilians killed by the Germans by the end of 1939; see Hitler Hitler, 234. Mallman, Bohler, and Mathaus also give these figures in Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppen, at 88. Bohler estimates about thirty thousand by the end of October (Verbrechen, 140) and forty-five thousand, of whom seven thousand were Jews, by the end of the year (uberfall, 138).

11 On the possibility of such hope, see Mynarski, On the possibility of such hope, see Mynarski, W niewoli W niewoli, 54-59.

12 Quotation: Weinberg, Quotation: Weinberg, World at Arms World at Arms, 57.

13 On the Lwow betrayal, see Cienciala, On the Lwow betrayal, see Cienciala, Crime Crime, 20; Czapski, Wspomnienia Wspomnienia, 9-10; and Wnuk, Za pierwszego Sowieta Za pierwszego Sowieta, 35.

14 On the Ukrainian steppe, see Czapski, On the Ukrainian steppe, see Czapski, Wspomnienia Wspomnienia, 15. On the Polish farmers' distress, see Mynarski, W niewoli W niewoli, 98-99.

15 Hrycak estimates 125,000 prisoners of war (”Victims,” 179); Cienciala, 230,000-240,000 ( Hrycak estimates 125,000 prisoners of war (”Victims,” 179); Cienciala, 230,000-240,000 (Crime, 26). The Soviets also kept about fifteen thousand people for hard labor in the mines and in road-building, of whom some two thousand died in 1941 during evacuations; see Hryciuk, ”Victims,” 180.