Part 16 (1/2)
CHAPTER 2: CLa.s.s TERROR.
1 Quotations: Siriol Colley, Quotations: Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain More Than a Grain, 212, 216.
2 Jones is cited in Siriol Colley, Jones is cited in Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain More Than a Grain, 218.
3 Quotation: Evans, Quotation: Evans, Coming Coming, 330.
4 On German voters, see King, ”Ordinary,” 987-988 and pa.s.sim. On Dachau, see Goeschel, On German voters, see King, ”Ordinary,” 987-988 and pa.s.sim. On Dachau, see Goeschel, Concentration Camps Concentration Camps, 14. For quotation and a.n.a.lysis of Himmler, see Eiber, ”Gewalt in KZ Dachau,” 172.
5 Evans, Evans, Power Power, 23.
6 Quotation: Quotation: Deutschosterreichische Tageszeitung Deutschosterreichische Tageszeitung, 3 March 1933.
7 On ”cla.s.s against cla.s.s,” see Brown, On ”cla.s.s against cla.s.s,” see Brown, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall, 85. On voting behavior, see King, ”Ordinary,” 987-988. See also, generally, Bayerlein, ”Abschied.”
8 Longerich, Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung Politik der Vernichtung, 26-32, quotation at 38; Tooze, Wages of Destruction Wages of Destruction, 73 73.
9 On the 37,000 German Jews, see Evans, On the 37,000 German Jews, see Evans, Power Power, 15. See also Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung Politik der Vernichtung, 126.
10 Longerich, Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung Politik der Vernichtung, 35.
11 Goeschel, Goeschel, Concentration Camps Concentration Camps, 7.
12 See, generally, Kruger, See, generally, Kruger, Die Auenpolitik Die Auenpolitik; Turner, Stresemann Stresemann; Snyder, Sketches Sketches.
13 Roos, Roos, Polen Polen, 130-154; Ken, Collective Security Collective Security, 94, 157; Kornat, Polityka Polityka, 32-33; Rossino, Hitler Hitler, 2.
14 Quotation: Davies, Quotation: Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence Kaganovich Correspondence, 33.
15 The surest guide is Koakowski, The surest guide is Koakowski, Main Currents. Main Currents. The most famous anecdotal definition is that provided by the veteran communist to Jorge Semprun at Buchenwald: ”C'est l'art et la maniere de toujours retomber sur ces pattes, mon vieux!” The most famous anecdotal definition is that provided by the veteran communist to Jorge Semprun at Buchenwald: ”C'est l'art et la maniere de toujours retomber sur ces pattes, mon vieux!”
16 Graziosi, ”New Interpretation.” Graziosi, ”New Interpretation.”
17 See, generally, Haslam, See, generally, Haslam, Collective Security Collective Security; Furet, Pa.s.se Pa.s.se; and Brown, Rise and Fall. Rise and Fall.
18 These numbers will be elucidated in this and the following chapter. These numbers will be elucidated in this and the following chapter.
19 On the dialectics involved, see Burrin, On the dialectics involved, see Burrin, Fascisme Fascisme, n.a.z.isme n.a.z.isme, autoritarisme autoritarisme, 202, 209. See also, generally, Weber, Hollow Years Hollow Years. On Blum, see Judt, Burden of Responsibility. Burden of Responsibility.
20 Haslam, Haslam, Collective Security Collective Security, 120-121. On the Soviet press, see Schlogel, Terror Terror, 136-137. See also, generally, Beevor, Battle for Spain. Battle for Spain. On the essential point, I am following Furet, On the essential point, I am following Furet, Pa.s.se. Pa.s.se.
21 Orwell, Orwell, Homage Homage, 53-64. Quotation: Schlogel, Terror Terror, 148. See also Brown, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall, 89.
22 On 11 May, see Kuromiya, ”Anti-Russian,” 1427. On 11 May, see Kuromiya, ”Anti-Russian,” 1427.
23 Quotation: Kuromiya, ”Notatka,” 133, also 119. Quotation: Kuromiya, ”Notatka,” 133, also 119.
24 Levine, Levine, In Search of Sugihara In Search of Sugihara, 13-89; Kuromiya, Midzy Warszaw a Tokio Midzy Warszaw a Tokio, 160-175; Siriol Colley, Incident. Incident.
25 Haslam a.n.a.lyzes China within the Popular Front framework; see Haslam a.n.a.lyzes China within the Popular Front framework; see East East, 64-70. On Xinjiang, see Millward, Eurasian Crossroads Eurasian Crossroads, 206-207. On the ”Long March,” see Brown, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall, 100.
26 See Kuromiya, See Kuromiya, Stalin Stalin, 136.
27 Quotation: McLoughlin, ”Ma.s.s Operations,” 121. Quotation: McLoughlin, ”Ma.s.s Operations,” 121.
28 Khlevniuk, ”Objectives”; Kuromiya, Khlevniuk, ”Objectives”; Kuromiya, Stalin Stalin, 118-119.
29 Quotation: Kuromiya, Quotation: Kuromiya, Stalin Stalin, 134, also 101.
30 On the history of the troika, see Wheatcroft, ”Ma.s.s Killings,” 126-139. For general introductions to the state police, see Andrew, On the history of the troika, see Wheatcroft, ”Ma.s.s Killings,” 126-139. For general introductions to the state police, see Andrew, KGB KGB; and Dziak, Chekisty. Chekisty.
31 Getty, Getty, Yezhov Yezhov, 140; Kuromiya, Stalin Stalin, 116.
32 On Yezhov's a.s.sociates and their methods, see Wheatcroft, ”Agency,” 38-40. For Stalin's solicitude about Yezhov's health, see Getty, On Yezhov's a.s.sociates and their methods, see Wheatcroft, ”Agency,” 38-40. For Stalin's solicitude about Yezhov's health, see Getty, Yezhov Yezhov, 216.
33 Quotation: Haslam, Quotation: Haslam, Collective Security Collective Security, 129. For Bukharin's threat, see Kuromiya, Stalin Stalin, 83.
34 Quotation: Brown, Quotation: Brown, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall, 122. There were of course exceptions, such as Antoni Sonimski; see Sh.o.r.e, Caviar and Ashes Caviar and Ashes, 150. On fascism and anti-fascism, see Furet, Pa.s.se. Pa.s.se.
35 Werth, Werth, Terreur Terreur, 282. See also Kuromiya, Stalin Stalin, 121. The theme of strength in weakness was developed by Furet, Pa.s.se. Pa.s.se.
36 Orwell, Orwell, Homage Homage, 145-149, at 149. See also Furet, Pa.s.se Pa.s.se, 296, 301, 306; and Haslam, Collective Security Collective Security, 133.
37 56,209 is the number of executions remaining after the subtraction: of those in the national actions (see next chapter) and the kulak action from the total 681,692 executions carried out in the Great Terror of 1937-1938. I provide a general figure because slightly different totals for the kulak action circulate; see Jansen, 56,209 is the number of executions remaining after the subtraction: of those in the national actions (see next chapter) and the kulak action from the total 681,692 executions carried out in the Great Terror of 1937-1938. I provide a general figure because slightly different totals for the kulak action circulate; see Jansen, Executioner Executioner, 75. On the Red Army generals, see Wieczorkiewicz, acuch acuch, 296. This is a fundamental work on the military purges.
38 Evans, Evans, Power Power, 21-22.
39 Ibid., 34, 39; Sh.o.r.e, Ibid., 34, 39; Sh.o.r.e, Information Information, 31, 37.
40 On Himmler's rise, see Longerich, On Himmler's rise, see Longerich, Himmler. Himmler. On the police structures, see Westermann, ”Ideological Soldiers,” 45. I am simplifying the situation considerably by not discussing the federal structure of the German state. This, too, was seen by Himmler as a problem to be overcome. The police inst.i.tutions noted here will be discussed further in Chapters 5, 6, and 7. On the police structures, see Westermann, ”Ideological Soldiers,” 45. I am simplifying the situation considerably by not discussing the federal structure of the German state. This, too, was seen by Himmler as a problem to be overcome. The police inst.i.tutions noted here will be discussed further in Chapters 5, 6, and 7.
41 Evans, Evans, Power Power, 627; Lee, Dictators.h.i.+ps Dictators.h.i.+ps, 172.
42 These killing actions by German police are the subjects of Chapters 6 and 7. These killing actions by German police are the subjects of Chapters 6 and 7.
43 Compare Wheatcroft, ”Ma.s.s Killing,” 139. Compare Wheatcroft, ”Ma.s.s Killing,” 139.
44 Quotations: Baberowski, Quotations: Baberowski, Feind Feind, 758-759.
45 Werth, Werth, Terreur Terreur, 280; Viola, Forgotten Gulag Forgotten Gulag, 195.
46 On religious faith, see McLoughlin, ”Ma.s.s Operations,” 124; and Binner, ”S etoj,” 181-183. On religious faith, see McLoughlin, ”Ma.s.s Operations,” 124; and Binner, ”S etoj,” 181-183.
47 Shearer, ”Social Disorder,” 527-531, quotation at 531. Shearer, ”Social Disorder,” 527-531, quotation at 531.