Part 7 (2/2)

42 New York Times, New York Times, ”New York State Test Scores,” August 4, 2009, ”New York State Test Scores,” August 4, 2009, projects.nytimes.com/new-york-schools-test-scores/about.

43 David M. Herszenhorn, ”A Gold Star for Schools: Overview,” David M. Herszenhorn, ”A Gold Star for Schools: Overview,” New York Times New York Times, May 19, 2005; Sol Stern, ”Gotham's Telltale Reading Tests,” City Journal City Journal , Autumn 2006. , Autumn 2006.

44 Quoted in Michael Winerip, ”Test Scores Up? Cheer (Don't a.n.a.lyze),” Quoted in Michael Winerip, ”Test Scores Up? Cheer (Don't a.n.a.lyze),” New York Times New York Times, June 29, 2005.

45 James F. Brennan, ”New York City Public School Improvement Before and After Mayoral Control,” in James F. Brennan, ”New York City Public School Improvement Before and After Mayoral Control,” in NYC Schools Under Bloomberg and Klein: What Parents, Teachers, and Policymakers Need to Know NYC Schools Under Bloomberg and Klein: What Parents, Teachers, and Policymakers Need to Know, ed. Leonie Haimson and Ann Kjellberg, 105-113; Joel Klein, ”Chancellor's Testimony Before City Council Education Committee on DOE's Preliminary Expense Budget,” March 26, 2009, print.nycenet.edu/Offices/mediarelations/NewsandSpeeches/2008-2009/20090326_budget_testimony.htm; Nicole Gelinas, ”NYC's Fiscal Future,” New York Post New York Post, October 27, 2009.

CHAPTER SIX.

1 Ebony Ebony, ”5 Questions for Marian Wright Edelman,” January 2004.

2 Frederick M. Hess and Michael J. Petrilli, ”The Politics of No Child Left Behind: Will the Coalition Hold?” Frederick M. Hess and Michael J. Petrilli, ”The Politics of No Child Left Behind: Will the Coalition Hold?” Journal of Education Journal of Education 185, no. 3 (2004): 13-25. 185, no. 3 (2004): 13-25.

3 Walt Haney, ”The Myth of the Texas Miracle in Education,” Walt Haney, ”The Myth of the Texas Miracle in Education,” Education Policy a.n.a.lysis Archives Education Policy a.n.a.lysis Archives 8, no. 41 (August 19, 2000); Stephen P. Klein et al., ”What Do Test Scores in Texas Tell Us?” 8, no. 41 (August 19, 2000); Stephen P. Klein et al., ”What Do Test Scores in Texas Tell Us?” RAND Issue Paper IP-202 RAND Issue Paper IP-202, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, 2000, 2, 9-13.

4 For an excellent overview of the law, see Frederick M. Hess and Michael J. Petrilli, For an excellent overview of the law, see Frederick M. Hess and Michael J. Petrilli, No Child Left Behind Primer No Child Left Behind Primer (New York: Peter Lang, 2006). (New York: Peter Lang, 2006).

5 Frederick M. Hess and Chester E. Finn Jr., eds., Frederick M. Hess and Chester E. Finn Jr., eds., No Remedy Left Behind: Lessons from a Half-Decade of NCLB No Remedy Left Behind: Lessons from a Half-Decade of NCLB (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: AEI Press, 2007); for Betts's reference to choice in California, see 148-152. (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: AEI Press, 2007); for Betts's reference to choice in California, see 148-152.

6 Julian Betts, ”California: Does the Golden State Deserve a Gold Star?” in Julian Betts, ”California: Does the Golden State Deserve a Gold Star?” in No Remedy Left Behind No Remedy Left Behind, 130.

7 Elissa Gootman, ”Report a.s.sails Tutoring Firms in City Schools,” Elissa Gootman, ”Report a.s.sails Tutoring Firms in City Schools,” New York Times New York Times, March 8, 2006.

8 The chief executive Officer of Kaplan (a major supplier of tests and test prep materials) said on a PBS program that his business had grown from annual revenues of $70 million in 1991 to $2 billion in 2007 ”on the back of testing growth of all kinds.” The other major testing companies-McGraw-Hill's CTB division, Pearson's Harcourt a.s.sessment, and Houghton Mifflin's Riverside unit-would not disclose their revenues. The same program said that tutoring was a $4 billion industry, whose growth was propelled by NCLB. ”The New Business of Education,” The chief executive Officer of Kaplan (a major supplier of tests and test prep materials) said on a PBS program that his business had grown from annual revenues of $70 million in 1991 to $2 billion in 2007 ”on the back of testing growth of all kinds.” The other major testing companies-McGraw-Hill's CTB division, Pearson's Harcourt a.s.sessment, and Houghton Mifflin's Riverside unit-would not disclose their revenues. The same program said that tutoring was a $4 billion industry, whose growth was propelled by NCLB. ”The New Business of Education,” Nightly Business Report Nightly Business Report, February 18, 2008, , January 23, 2008, /2008/01/22/solutions-education-spellings-oped-cx_dor_0123spellings.html; Andrew Dean Ho, ”The Problem with 'Proficiency': Limitations of Statistics and Policy Under No Child Left Behind,” Educational Educational Limitations of Statistics and Policy Under No Child Left Behind,” Educational Limitations of Statistics and Policy Under No Child Left Behind,” Educational Researcher Researcher 37, no. 6 (2008): 351-360. 37, no. 6 (2008): 351-360.

11 Hess and Finn, Hess and Finn, No Remedy Left Behind No Remedy Left Behind, 327-328.

12 Ibid. Ibid.

13 David J. Hoff, ”Schools Struggling to Meet Key Goal on Accountability,” David J. Hoff, ”Schools Struggling to Meet Key Goal on Accountability,” Education Week Education Week, January 7, 2009.

14 National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional a.s.sistance, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional a.s.sistance, Turning Around Chronically Low-Performing Schools Turning Around Chronically Low-Performing Schools (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2008). (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2008).

15 Linda Jacobson, ”NCLB Restructuring Found Ineffectual in California,” Linda Jacobson, ”NCLB Restructuring Found Ineffectual in California,” Education Week Education Week, February 20, 2008; Caitlin Scott, Managing More than A Thousand Remodeling Projects: School Restructuring in California Managing More than A Thousand Remodeling Projects: School Restructuring in California (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Center on Education Policy, 2008). (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Center on Education Policy, 2008).

16 Caitlin Scott, Caitlin Scott, A Call to Restructure Restructuring: Lessons from the No Child Left Behind Act in Five States A Call to Restructure Restructuring: Lessons from the No Child Left Behind Act in Five States (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Center on Education Policy, 2008), 1-3. (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Center on Education Policy, 2008), 1-3.

17 Sam Dillon, ”Under 'No Child' Law, Even Solid Schools Falter,” Sam Dillon, ”Under 'No Child' Law, Even Solid Schools Falter,” New York Times New York Times, October 13, 2008.

18 National Science Foundation, ”All Students Proficient on State Tests by 2014?” press release, September 25, 2008, National Science Foundation, ”All Students Proficient on State Tests by 2014?” press release, September 25, 2008, tn_id=112312; M. J. Bryant et al., ”School Performance Will Fail to Meet Legislated Benchmarks,” Science Science 321, no. 5897 (September 26, 2008): 1781-1782. 321, no. 5897 (September 26, 2008): 1781-1782.

19 Sam Dillon, ”Students Ace State Tests, but Earn D's from U.S.,” Sam Dillon, ”Students Ace State Tests, but Earn D's from U.S.,” New York Times New York Times, November 26, 2005; National Center for Education Statistics, The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007 The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007 (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2007). See also Kevin Carey, ”Hot Air: How States Inflate Their Educational Progress Under NCLB” (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Education Sector, 2006). (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2007). See also Kevin Carey, ”Hot Air: How States Inflate Their Educational Progress Under NCLB” (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Education Sector, 2006).

20 Chester E. Finn Jr. and Michael J. Petrilli, foreword to Chester E. Finn Jr. and Michael J. Petrilli, foreword to The Proficiency Illusion The Proficiency Illusion, by John Cronin et al. (Was.h.i.+ngton: D.C.: Thomas B. Fordham Inst.i.tute and Northwest Evaluation a.s.sociation, 2007), 3.

21 Ibid. Ibid.

22 Angela Montefinise, ”Lost Lessons in Test-Prep Craze,” Angela Montefinise, ”Lost Lessons in Test-Prep Craze,” New York Post New York Post, January 28, 2007.

23 Laurie Fox and Holly K. Hacker, ”Dallas-Fort Worth Students Struggle with TAKS' Short-response Written Test,” Laurie Fox and Holly K. Hacker, ”Dallas-Fort Worth Students Struggle with TAKS' Short-response Written Test,” Dallas Morning News Dallas Morning News, July 20, 2008.

24 Jennifer McMurrer, Jennifer McMurrer, Choices, Changes, and Challenges: Curriculum and Instruction in the NCLB Era Choices, Changes, and Challenges: Curriculum and Instruction in the NCLB Era (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Center on Education Policy, 2007), 1; McMurrer, (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Center on Education Policy, 2007), 1; McMurrer, Instructional Time in Elementary Schools: A Closer Look at Changes for Specific Subjects Instructional Time in Elementary Schools: A Closer Look at Changes for Specific Subjects (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Center on Education Policy, 2008), 2. (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Center on Education Policy, 2008), 2.

25 Linda Perlstein, Linda Perlstein, Tested: One American School Struggles to Make the Grade Tested: One American School Struggles to Make the Grade (New York: Henry Holt, 2007). (New York: Henry Holt, 2007).

26 The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007 The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007, 8, 28; National Center for Education Statistics, The Nation's Report Card: Mathematics 2007 The Nation's Report Card: Mathematics 2007 (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2007), 8, 24. See also Bruce Fuller et al., ”Gauging Growth: How to Judge No Child Left Behind?” (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2007), 8, 24. See also Bruce Fuller et al., ”Gauging Growth: How to Judge No Child Left Behind?” Educational Researcher Educational Researcher 36, no. 5 (2007): 268-278. 36, no. 5 (2007): 268-278.

27 National Center for Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, Achievement Gaps: How Black and White Students in Public Schools Perform in Mathematics and Reading on the National a.s.sessment of Educational Progress Achievement Gaps: How Black and White Students in Public Schools Perform in Mathematics and Reading on the National a.s.sessment of Educational Progress (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2009), 7, 29. (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2009), 7, 29.

28 The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007 The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007, 9, 27; The Nation's Report Card: Mathematics 2007 The Nation's Report Card: Mathematics 2007, 9, 25.

CHAPTER SEVEN.

1 Milton Friedman, ”The Role of Government in Education,” in Milton Friedman, ”The Role of Government in Education,” in Economics and the Public Interest Economics and the Public Interest, ed. Robert A. Solo (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955), 123-144.

2 Diane Ravitch, Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945-1980 The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 27-41; Paul Blanshard, (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 27-41; Paul Blanshard, American Freedom and Catholic Power American Freedom and Catholic Power (Boston: Beacon Press, 1949). (Boston: Beacon Press, 1949).

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