Part 7 (1/2)

24 AIR 2003 study, II-27, II-28, II-29. AIR 2003 study, II-27, II-28, II-29.

25 Hightower, Hightower, San Diego's Big Boom San Diego's Big Boom, 19.

26 Larry Cuban and Michael Usdan, ”Fast and Top-Down: Systemic Reform and Student Achievement in San Diego City Schools,” in Larry Cuban and Michael Usdan, ”Fast and Top-Down: Systemic Reform and Student Achievement in San Diego City Schools,” in Powerful Reforms with Shallow Roots: Improving America's Urban Schools Powerful Reforms with Shallow Roots: Improving America's Urban Schools, ed. Larry Cuban and Michael Usdan (New York: Teachers College Press, 2003), 78, 82, 88-89.

27 Daphna Ba.s.sok and Margaret E. Raymond, ”Performance Trends and the Blueprint for Student Success,” in Daphna Ba.s.sok and Margaret E. Raymond, ”Performance Trends and the Blueprint for Student Success,” in Urban School Reform Urban School Reform, 308-309, 314-315.

28 Ibid., 310-317. Ibid., 310-317.

29 Julian Betts, ”San Diego City Schools: Evidence Suggests Bersin Reforms Working,” Julian Betts, ”San Diego City Schools: Evidence Suggests Bersin Reforms Working,” San Diego Union-Tribune San Diego Union-Tribune, October 14, 2005.

30 Maureen Magee and Helen Gao, ”A Change in Plans,” Maureen Magee and Helen Gao, ”A Change in Plans,” San Diego Union-Tribune San Diego Union-Tribune, June 12, 2005. There is no single consistent measure for the Blueprint era because the state changed its tests during this time. However, Magee and Gao note that on the state's ”academic performance index,” San Diego's gains from 2002 to 2004 were smaller than those recorded by school districts in Santa Ana, Fresno, San Bernardino, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Garden Grove, San Francisco, Oakland, and Sacramento. San Diego had higher scores than most of these districts, but the other districts made greater gains.

31 Sheila Byrd, ”San Diego City Schools: Creating a Standards-Based Curriculum for English Language Arts,” unpublished ma.n.u.script, San Diego Review, 2004, Sheila Byrd, ”San Diego City Schools: Creating a Standards-Based Curriculum for English Language Arts,” unpublished ma.n.u.script, San Diego Review, 2004, old.sandi.net/events/sdreview/eng_math_sci_cirricula.pdf.

32 Byrd, e-mail to author, June 14, 2006. Byrd, e-mail to author, June 14, 2006.

33 San Diego Education a.s.sociation, ”Vote of Confidence Survey Results,” June 20, 2001. A copy of the survey was provided to the author by Camille Zombro of the SDEA. San Diego Education a.s.sociation, ”Vote of Confidence Survey Results,” June 20, 2001. A copy of the survey was provided to the author by Camille Zombro of the SDEA.

34 Author's conversation with Marty Batcheler, LCSW, Kaiser Permanente, January 31, 2007. Author's conversation with Marty Batcheler, LCSW, Kaiser Permanente, January 31, 2007.

35 Carl A. Cohn, ”Empowering Those at the Bottom Beats Punis.h.i.+ng Them from the Top,” Carl A. Cohn, ”Empowering Those at the Bottom Beats Punis.h.i.+ng Them from the Top,” Education Week Education Week, April 25, 2007.

36 Anthony S. Bryk and Barbara Schneider, Anthony S. Bryk and Barbara Schneider, Trust in Schools: A Core Resource for Improvement Trust in Schools: A Core Resource for Improvement (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002), 123. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002), 123.

CHAPTER FIVE.

1 Michael Bloomberg, ”Our Children Deserve Better,” campaign doc.u.ment, June 11, 2001 (downloaded June 29, 2003, from a Web site [mikefor Michael Bloomberg, ”Our Children Deserve Better,” campaign doc.u.ment, June 11, 2001 (downloaded June 29, 2003, from a Web site [mikefor mayor.org] that has since been closed).

2 Diane Ravitch, ”A History of Public School Governance in New York City,” in Diane Ravitch, ”A History of Public School Governance in New York City,” in When Mayors Take Charge: School Governance in the City When Mayors Take Charge: School Governance in the City, ed. Joseph P. Viteritti (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Brookings Inst.i.tution Press, 2009), 171-186.

3 Javier C. Hernandez, ”In Debate Over Schools, Panel Is No Threat to the Mayor's Grip,” Javier C. Hernandez, ”In Debate Over Schools, Panel Is No Threat to the Mayor's Grip,” New York Times New York Times, April 23, 2009.

4 Diane Ravitch, Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805-1973 The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805-1973 (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 92-99. (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 92-99.

5 Abby Goodnough, ”Schools Chief Is Soaking Up Advice in San Diego,” Abby Goodnough, ”Schools Chief Is Soaking Up Advice in San Diego,” New York Times New York Times, August 14, 2002.

6 Mike France, ”Can Business Save New York Schools?” Mike France, ”Can Business Save New York Schools?” BusinessWeek BusinessWeek, June 9, 2003; Elissa Gootman and David M. Herszenhorn, ”Consultants Draw Fire in Bus Woes,” New York Times New York Times, February 3, 2007.

7 James Traub, ”New York's New Approach,” James Traub, ”New York's New Approach,” New York Times New York Times, August 3, 2003; Deidre McFadyen, ”Educators in Region 4: Don't Stop Us from Teaching Our Kids,” New York Teacher New York Teacher, January 18, 2005.

8 As leader of General Electric, Welch was known for his tough, uncompromising att.i.tude toward employees. See Thomas F. O'Boyle, As leader of General Electric, Welch was known for his tough, uncompromising att.i.tude toward employees. See Thomas F. O'Boyle, At Any Cost: Jack Welch, General Electric, and the Pursuit of Profit At Any Cost: Jack Welch, General Electric, and the Pursuit of Profit (New York: Knopf, 1998), 72-76; Mary Hoffman, ”Jack Welch Is My Daddy,” ICE-UFT, March 8, 2005, (New York: Knopf, 1998), 72-76; Mary Hoffman, ”Jack Welch Is My Daddy,” ICE-UFT, March 8, 2005, ice-uft.org/daddy.htm; Geoff Colvin, ”The CEO Educator,” Fortune Fortune, October 1, 2009 (online version).

9 David M. Herszenhorn, ”Not So Long Out of School, Yet Running the System,” David M. Herszenhorn, ”Not So Long Out of School, Yet Running the System,” New York Times New York Times, March 25, 2004.

10 Deidre McFadyen, ”Trouble in the Workshop,” Deidre McFadyen, ”Trouble in the Workshop,” New York Teacher New York Teacher, February 17, 2005; Catherine Gewertz, ”Grading the Mayor,” Education Week Education Week, October 26, 2005; Sol Stern, ”A Negative a.s.sessment: An Education Revolution That Never Was,” Education Next Education Next 5, no. 4 (Fall 2005): 12-16. 5, no. 4 (Fall 2005): 12-16.

11 National Right to Read Foundation, ”Selection of a Systematic Phonics Program for NYC Students,” February 4, 2003, National Right to Read Foundation, ”Selection of a Systematic Phonics Program for NYC Students,” February 4, 2003, .

22 Carl Campanile, ”Gates' $4 Mil Lesson,” Carl Campanile, ”Gates' $4 Mil Lesson,” New York Post New York Post, August 18, 2009.

23 United Federation of Teachers, ”Teachers Want Chancellor Klein to Do a Better Job,” press release, June 26, 2008, United Federation of Teachers, ”Teachers Want Chancellor Klein to Do a Better Job,” press release, June 26, 2008, /web/testimony%20school%20grades%2012%2007.doc; Jennifer Jennings, ”In NYC, More F Schools than A Schools in Good Standing with NCLB,” Eduwonkette blog, September 16, 2008, blogs.edweek.org/edweek/eduwonkette/2008/09/in_nyc_more_f_schools_than_a_s_1.html.

33 New York City Department of Education, ”Chancellor Klein Releases 2009 Progress Reports on Elementary, Middle, and K-8 Schools,” press release, September 2, 2009; New York City Department of Education, ”Chancellor Klein Releases 2009 Progress Reports on Elementary, Middle, and K-8 Schools,” press release, September 2, 2009; New York Post New York Post, ”An Avalanche of A's,” September 4, 2009; New York Daily News New York Daily News, ”Stupid Card Trick,” September 4, 2009; Jennifer Medina, ”As Many Schools Earn A's and B's, City Plans to Raise Standards,” New York Times New York Times, September 4, 2009.

34 Jennifer Medina, ”Teacher Bonuses Total $27 Million, Nearly Double Last Year's,” Jennifer Medina, ”Teacher Bonuses Total $27 Million, Nearly Double Last Year's,” New York Times New York Times, September 5, 2009; Diane Ravitch, ”Bloomberg's Bogus School Report Cards Destroy Real Progress,” New York Daily News New York Daily News, September 9, 2009.

35 Hemphill et al., Hemphill et al., The New Marketplace The New Marketplace, 2, 11-12; Meredith Kolodner and Rachel Monahan, ”Four Schools in Bottom 10 in State Tests Were Newly Opened,” New York Daily News New York Daily News, July 13, 2009 (the headline said four, but the story identified five new schools in the bottom ten).

36 New York State Education Department, ”English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematic [sic] a.s.sessment Results,” New York State Education Department, ”English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematic [sic] a.s.sessment Results,” pared, but education officials regularly made comparisons across the years.

37 National Center for Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, The Nation's Report Card: Trial Urban District a.s.sessment, Mathematics 2007 The Nation's Report Card: Trial Urban District a.s.sessment, Mathematics 2007 (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2007), 50-51; National Center for Education Statistics, (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2007), 50-51; National Center for Education Statistics, The Nation's Report Card: Trial Urban District a.s.sessment, Reading 2007 The Nation's Report Card: Trial Urban District a.s.sessment, Reading 2007 (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2007), 50-51; Jennifer Medina, ”Little Progress for City Schools on National Test,” (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2007), 50-51; Jennifer Medina, ”Little Progress for City Schools on National Test,” New York Times New York Times, November 16, 2007. Some experts questioned the fourth-grade math gains, because 25 percent of test takers were given accommodations (such as extra time), a proportion far larger than in any other city tested and double the proportion that received accommodations in New York City in 2003. Elizabeth Green, ”N.Y. Gave the Most Breaks for School Exam,” New York Sun New York Sun, November 21, 2007.

38 New York City Department of Education, ”New York City Public School Students Make Gains on 2007 National a.s.sessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Tests,” press release, November 15, 2007; Medina, ”Little Progress for City Schools on National Test.” New York City Department of Education, ”New York City Public School Students Make Gains on 2007 National a.s.sessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Tests,” press release, November 15, 2007; Medina, ”Little Progress for City Schools on National Test.”

39 Elissa Gootman and Sharona Coutts, ”Lacking the Credits to Graduate, Some Students Learn a Shortcut,” Elissa Gootman and Sharona Coutts, ”Lacking the Credits to Graduate, Some Students Learn a Shortcut,” New York Times New York Times, April 11, 2008; Javier C. Hernandez, ”Students Still Sliding By, Critics Say,” New York Times New York Times, July 13, 2009; Jennifer L. Jennings and Leonie Haimson, ”Discharge and Graduation Rates,” in NYC Schools Under Bloomberg and Klein: What Parents, Teachers, and Policymakers Need to Know NYC Schools Under Bloomberg and Klein: What Parents, Teachers, and Policymakers Need to Know, ed. Leonie Haimson and Ann Kjellberg (New York: Lulu, 2009), 77-85, /content/paperback-book/nyc-schools-under-bloomberg-klein-what-parents-teachers-and-policymakers-need-to-know/7214189.

40 Javier C. Hernandez, ”A New High School, with College Mixed In,” Javier C. Hernandez, ”A New High School, with College Mixed In,” New York Times New York Times, March 19, 2009.

41 Elissa Gootman and Robert Gebeloff, ”With New City Policy, Gifted Programs Shrink,” Elissa Gootman and Robert Gebeloff, ”With New City Policy, Gifted Programs Shrink,” New York Times New York Times, October 30, 2008.