Part 21 (1/2)
Like everyone else, Guang-hsu suspected that Li Hung-chang had cut private deals with the foreigners for his own benefit. ”Li could have done better with the treaties,” he insisted. Guang-hsu's only evidence was that Li Hung-chang entrusted his son-in-law with the military supplies of the army.
”That's because Li's experience with your uncles, brothers and cousins was so terrible,” I told him. ”Li has committed no corruption-it is the way of China to rely on personal connections. Focus on what you have gained. Li has succeeded in securing the funding to rebuild the navy.”
”I can't forgive him for squandering the opportunity for an early defense!” Guang-hsu's voice pierced through the hallway. ”He sold us down the river!”
Guang-hsu couldn't live with the fact that we had been forced to sign the s.h.i.+monoseki Treaty, the most humiliating ever signed by an emperor in Chinese history.
”j.a.pan provided opportunities for him to make money. Am I not right that Li Hung-chang is the wealthiest man in China?”
”I will not kick the family dog,” I said quietly. ”I'd rather fight the bully neighbor. Li didn't want to take part in the negotiations in the first place. He was sent,” I reminded Guang-hsu, ”by you and me. The j.a.panese rejected the representative you had sent before him. Li was the only man whose credentials the j.a.panese considered adequate.”
”Exactly!” Guang-hsu said. ”They picked him because he was a friend. j.a.pan knew Li would cut them a good deal.”
”For heaven's sake, Guang-hsu, the bullet just missed Li's eye! If it hadn't been for his near a.s.sa.s.sination, j.a.pan would have pushed for its original demands, and we would have lost all of Manchuria plus three hundred million taels!”
”It is not I alone who accuses Li.” Guang-hsu showed me a doc.u.ment. ”The court censor has been investigating. Listen.” He read, ”'Li Hung-chang was heavily invested in j.a.panese businesses, and he did not wish to lose his dividends through protracted war. He seems to have been afraid that the large sums of money from his numerous speculations, which he had deposited in j.a.pan, might be lost; hence his objections to the war.'”
”If you can't tell that attacking Li Hung-chang is itself an action against the throne, there is no way that I can or should work with you.” I was upset.
”Mother.” Guang-hsu got down on his knees. ”I only share with you what I know. You rely on Li so much. What if he is not who you think he is?”
”If only we had a choice, Guang-hsu.” I sighed. ”We need him. If Li hadn't played on international jealousies, j.a.pan would not have withdrawn from the Liaotung Peninsula.”
”But j.a.pan charged us another thirty million taels in compensation and indemnities,” Guang-hsu said bitterly.
”We were the defeated nation, my son. It was not all up to Li Hung-chang.”
Guang-hsu sat quietly biting his lips.
I begged him not to take Li for granted. ”Only we can balance Li Hung-chang's graft against what he is able to bring us.”
When I asked how the reception with the foreign delegation went, Guang-hsu replied flatly, ”Not well.” He sat down and stretched his neck. ”I am sure the foreigners were equally disappointed. They spent so much time and energy trying to secure the audience, only to find out how dull I was.”
I remembered my husband Hsien Feng's comments when foreigners requested an audience with him. He felt that he would only be giving them an opportunity to spit in his face.
”I couldn't stand the sight of them,” Guang-hsu said. ”I tried to tell myself, I am meeting with individuals, not the countries that bullied me.”
”You received all the delegates?” I asked.
Guang-hsu nodded. ”Russia, France, England and Germany acted like dogs. They tried to make me commit to borrowing more money. What could I do? I told them China couldn't afford it anymore. I told them that all my revenues go to pay the j.a.panese indemnity.”
The foreign bankers were savage dealmakers, I remembered Li Hung-chang once told me. ”What happened in the end?”
”In the end? I borrowed from all of them, pledging my customs revenue and transit and salt taxes as security.”
The pain in his voice was unbearable. I felt helpless and tremendously sad.
”I am unprepared for what's coming.” My son sighed again. ”The Russians continue to transport troops and supplies by our railway across Manchuria to the sea.”
”We granted them the right only in times of war, not in times of peace.” I could hear the weariness in my own voice.
Guang-hsu shook his head. ”The Russians are determined to keep their Trans-Siberian running in times of peace as well, Mother.”
Stepping out on the terrace for fresh air, I held my son's shoulders. ”Let's hope Li's scheme of using one barbarian to control another will work.”
Guang-hsu was not sure. ”j.a.pan is approaching Peking,” he said, ”and we have lost our sea defense completely.”
I stood in the wind and tried to get through the moment.
For my son, each day brought another decision, another defeat, another humiliation. He had been living in a manure pit. Tung Chih had been lucky: death had helped him to reach peace.
Darkness filled the room after Li Lien-ying retreated. I lay against soft pillows and recalled that once Li Hung-chang had advised me to deposit gold and silver in banks outside China.
”In case j.a.pan...” I remembered that he was afraid to say more, but I got the idea: I might be forced to flee China. The image of Queen Min burned alive was never far from my thoughts.
Li Hung-chang must have a.s.sumed that I was a wealthy woman. He had no idea how penniless I was. I was too embarra.s.sed to let anyone know that I had sold my favorite opera troupe. I owned practically nothing but my seven honorary Imperial t.i.tles. Li hadn't insisted on having me consult the English bank managers in Hong Kong and Shanghai. But when he left my palace, he was no longer confused-he understood more than ever where I stood in terms of China's survival.
Guang-hsu and I had expected that the Western powers would cease their aggression after the deals were executed, but in May of 1897 Germany found another excuse to attack us. The incident began when Chinese bandits robbed a village in Shantung near the port of Kiaochow, a German settlement. Houses were burned and the inhabitants were murdered, along with two Roman Catholic German missionaries.
Before our government had a chance to investigate, a German squadron proceeded to Kiaochow and seized the port. China was threatened with the severest repression unless it instantly agreed to pay compensation in gold and prosecute the bandits.
The Kaiser made sure that his protest was heard by the world: ”I am fully determined to abandon henceforth the overcautious policy which had been regarded by the Chinese as weakness, and to show the Chinese, with full power and, if necessary, with brutal ruthlessness, that the German Emperor cannot be made sport of and that it is bad to have him as an enemy.”
Four days later, my son came to me with the news that the Chinese garrison of Kiaochow had been routed. After its capture, Guang-hsu was forced to lease the port and the land around it, in a fifty-kilometer radius, from Germany. The ninety-nine-year lease came with exclusive mining and railway rights in the area.
Guang-hsu had trembled as he listened to Li Hung-chang describe what would happen if he refused to sign.
In the next few months, Li would bring more bad news: Russian wars.h.i.+ps sailed into fortified Port Arthur, as they were allowed to by the treaty of 1896, and announced that they had come to stay for good. By March of 1898, Port Arthur and the nearby merchant port of Talien-wan were likewise leased to Russia, for twenty-five years, with all mining and railway rights for sixty miles around.
Joining the fray, the British prime minister claimed that ”the balance of power in the Gulf of Pechili has now been upset.” England demanded that Weihaiwei, which was on the same spur as Kiaochow, controlled by the Germans, ”be handed over to the British as soon as the j.a.panese indemnity had been paid and the town had been evacuated.” The British also granted themselves an increase in the area of Kowloon, on the mainland opposite Hong Kong.
Not wanting to be left behind, France demanded a similar ninety-nine-year lease on the port of Kw.a.n.gchowan, south of Hong Kong.
When the court pleaded for the Emperor to take control of the situation, Guang-hsu handed each minister a copy of what he had received from Li Hung-chang. It was an announcement made by the united Western powers regarding the ”spheres of influence” in China. Germany and Russia had agreed that the entire Yangtze basin from Szechuan to the delta at Kiangsu was British. Britain agreed that southern Canton and southern Yunnan were French. A belt from Kausu through Shensi, Shansi, Hunan and Shantung was German. Manchuria and Chihli were Russian. The freedom-loving United States secured equal rights and opportunities for all nations in the leased areas and termed their att.i.tude ”the Open-Door Policy.”
28.
I had no idea that I would be meeting with Prince Kung for the last time. It was a gloomy overcast day in May 1898 when I received his invitation. Although he had been ill, he was a man of robust health and spirits, and everyone expected him to recover. When I arrived at his bedside, I was taken aback by his condition and knew instantly that his life was coming to an end.
”I hope you don't mind that the dying fish keeps making bubbles,” Prince Kung said in a weak voice.