Part 18 (1/2)
Forster does not say so--and possibly would not admit it,--Charles d.i.c.kens is directly responsible for this result, as the reader will agree when he learns the whole of the facts, which are only partly given in Forster's ”Life,” and in every other work which professes to tell the story.
The reader will not require to be told that ”Oliver Twist” made its appearance in the pages of ”Bentley's Miscellany.” The story of course had been written in antic.i.p.ation of the magazine; and according to Mr.
Forster, Cruikshank's designs for the portion which forms the third volume ”having to be executed 'in a lump,' were necessarily done somewhat hastily.” How far this statement is correct, the reader will be enabled to judge when we tell him that these so-called ”hastily”
prepared ill.u.s.trations include the famous designs of _Sikes and his Dog_ and _f.a.gin in the Condemned Cell_. ”None of these ill.u.s.trations,” Mr.
Forster goes on to tell us, ”d.i.c.kens had seen until he saw them in the book on the eve of its publication [we a.s.sume in the three-volume form], when he so strongly objected to one of them that it had to be cancelled.” ”My dear Cruikshank,” he at once wrote off to the artist, ”I returned suddenly to town yesterday afternoon [October, 1838] to look at the latter pages of 'Oliver Twist' before it was delivered to the booksellers, when I saw the majority of the plates for the first time.
With reference to the last one, _Rose Maylie and Oliver_, without entering into the question of great haste or any other cause which may have led to its being what it is, I am quite sure there can be little difference of opinion between us with respect to the result. May I ask you whether you will object to designing this plate afresh, and doing so _at once_, in order that as few impressions as possible of the present one may go forth. I feel confident you know me too well to feel hurt by this inquiry, and with equal confidence in you, I have lost no time in preferring it.” At this point Mr. Forster leaves the story.
THE QUARREL WITH d.i.c.kENS.
Probably very few of our readers have seen this despised and rejected plate of _Rose Maylie and Oliver_, for it is not the one which bears that t.i.tle among the ordinary ill.u.s.trations to the novel of ”Oliver Twist.” It is very rare, and we wish we could reproduce it here. If not one of the very best of the series, it is entirely in keeping with the rest; and so far from displaying ”great haste,” is in every respect a carefully finished book etching. Four figures are represented in it as sitting round the fire, among them the well known form of Oliver, with his turn-down collar and elaborately brushed hair. On the mantle-shelf, with other ornaments, are two hyacinths in gla.s.ses, thus fixing January as the date of the scene depicted. It would have been better for the book if Charles d.i.c.kens had left it alone. The artist did as he was requested, with anger at his heart; and as a consequence, Rose Maylie will go down to posterity as the ugliest of George Cruikshank's very ugly women, in an outrageous bonnet, with her hand resting on the shoulder of a youth wearing the singular coatee or boy's jacket of forty years ago. Differing altogether from the admirable designs which preceded it, there is an incongruity about the etching which cannot fail to impress the observer. The unfortunate letter and still more unfortunate result occasioned a coolness between the men which was never wholly removed. From that time forth George Cruikshank executed no more designs for Charles d.i.c.kens, and the ill.u.s.trations to the long series of novels which afterwards followed from the pen of the talented but distinctly autocratic author were entrusted to other hands. However much this result must be deplored so far as the artist himself is concerned, the coolness between Charles d.i.c.kens and George Cruikshank is scarcely to be viewed in the light of a misfortune for English ill.u.s.trative art.
Only consider for one moment what might have followed had the artist executed the designs to the rest of d.i.c.kens's novels! d.i.c.k Swiveller would have suited him, and so would Quilp, or Sampson Bra.s.s, the Yorks.h.i.+re schoolmaster, Newman Noggs, Lord Frederick Verisopht, Captain Bunsby, or even Mr. Pecksniff himself; but only fancy, on the other hand, the _horrors_ which would have been made of Dolly Varden, of Edith Dombey, of ”Little Em'ly,” of dear, gentle, loving little Nell! Happily for the fame of George Cruikshank, his imagination was not called into requisition for any one of these creations, and like the ”annunciations,” the ”beatifications,” and the ”apotheoses” of Lockhart, they remain (we are thankful to say it) still unrealized!
THE FEUD WITH BENTLEY.
The quarrel with d.i.c.kens was followed by a very bitter and very singular feud between the artist and Bentley. Into the causes of that quarrel we need not enter; suffice it to say that to the misunderstanding we owe some of the very worst etchings which Cruikshank ever designed, the series of ill.u.s.trations to Harrison Ainsworth's novel of ”Guy Fawkes.”
The worst of all is the _Vision of Guy Fawkes at Saint Winifred's Well_, and a very singular ”vision” it is. The saint has all the appearance, with all the grace, expression, and symmetry of a Dutch doll arrayed in a pocket handkerchief; the sky is ”machine ruled;” the pillars and tracery of the ruined chapel are architectural impossibilities; while at the very first snort, the slumbering figure of Guy Fawkes must roll inevitably into the well towards the brink of which he lies in dangerous propinquity. These ill.u.s.trations provoked the ire of the publisher and the remonstrances of the author, both of which were disregarded with strict impartiality. In 1842, Harrison Ainsworth retired from the conduct of the ”Miscellany,” and set up a rival magazine of somewhat similar plan and conception, which he christened after his own surname.
This opposition venture appears to have been the result of a misunderstanding between the editor and publisher, the most serious outcome of which was, that when Ainsworth left he carried with him George Cruikshank.
The secession of George caused Mr. Bentley the greatest possible inconvenience. The straits to which he was reduced may be imagined by the fact that A. Hervieu (an artist of considerable ability), and the clever, well-known amateur, Alfred Crowquill (Alfred Henry Forrester), had to be pressed into the service, and contributed leading etchings.
Meanwhile, the cover of the ”Miscellany” showed that George Cruikshank was nominally retained on the pictorial staff; and before the quality of his ill.u.s.trations became so villainously bad that the object he had in view--that of _forcing_ Bentley to cancel his engagement--had been attained, a draughtsman of unusual graphic power and versatility had come to the a.s.sistance of the magazine. This was a young man who had already executed many comic designs of a somewhat novel and original character, and was already forcing his way to the front: his name--familiar afterwards ”in our mouths as household words”--was John Leech.
The ”Guy Fawkes” ill.u.s.trations were the outcome of the first campaign between Bentley and Cruikshank; and as the history of the quarrel between the publisher and his unmanageable artist is a somewhat amusing one, we may be pardoned for describing it at length. The engagement from which he sought to free himself, and which he stigmatized as ”a one-sided one,” obliged Cruikshank to supply Mr. Bentley with at least one etching every month; and as Bentley continued to advertise him as the ill.u.s.trator of the ”Miscellany,” George commenced the second campaign by issuing in the opening pages of the opposition venture the following characteristic manifesto:--”Mr. Bentley, the publisher,” says the indignant George, ”evidently wishes to create the supposition that _I_ ill.u.s.trate his 'Miscellany.' On the contrary, I wish the public to understand that I do no such thing. It is true that, according to a one-sided agreement (of which more may be heard hereafter), I supply a single etching per month. But I supply _only that single etching_. And even that can hardly be called my design, since _the subject of it_ is regularly furnished to me by Mr. Bentley, and I have never even read a page of any of the stories thus '_ill.u.s.trated_.'
”Yet Mr. Bentley not only advertises me as the ill.u.s.trator of his 'Miscellany,' but he has lately shaped his advertis.e.m.e.nt thus, in the papers as well as on the wrapper of his magazine: 'Ill.u.s.trated by Geo.
Cruikshank, etc.' Are his other artists worthy only of being merged in an etc.? This is, indeed, paying them but a poor compliment; and one which I should hardly think they would submit to. In certain other announcements I observe mentioned, in addition to my own name, a 'Cruikshank the Younger.' Who is he? The only Cruikshank the Younger I ever heard of as a designer, is myself. Would it not be supposed that there must be a third Cruikshank, etching, drawing, and 'ill.u.s.trating,'
as his two predecessors have done? Yet there is no such person! There is indeed a nephew of mine, who, as a _wood-engraver_, and a wood-engraver _only_, has been employed by Mr. Bentley to engrave 'Crowquill's designs;' just as in my 'Omnibus' he engraved my own drawings upon wood, and still does engrave them in 'Ainsworth's Magazine.' Now, can any one imagine it possible for any respectable publisher, especially 'Her Majesty's Publisher in Ordinary,' to be guilty of so miserable a trick, so wretched an expedient, as that of putting off the _engraver_ of a few of the drawings as the designer himself--as one of the 'ill.u.s.trators' of the 'Miscellany'? Let Mr. Bentley but produce a single design for the 'Miscellany,' by 'Cruikshank the Younger' (by him so-called), and I will retract this indignant disclaimer and apologise. If Mr. Bentley cannot do this, he stands self-convicted of an attempt to impose upon the public by a mystification, for purposes as apparent as the trick itself.”
What this strange declaration of war proposed to effect is not altogether manifest; if its author imagined it would produce the result of releasing him from his engagement, he was signally mistaken, for Mr.
Bentley, as might have been expected, held him all the tighter to the _letter_ of his bond. What the artist thought and what he did are told us in the plainest language by the etchings which followed this singular manifesto. They tell us as plainly as could be expressed in words, that George reasoned after the following fas.h.i.+on:--”It is clear that under the terms of my engagement I am bound to supply 'Bentley's Miscellany'
with one etching a month; but our agreement says nothing as to the _quality_ of the etchings, nor am I bound to see that they shall be strictly relevant to the subjects which I am called upon to ill.u.s.trate.”
From that time, so long as he continued to design for the ”Miscellany,”
George tried to do his worst, and it must be admitted that he succeeded to admiration. Anything more outrageous than these wretched drawings--taking into account the talent, power, and skill of the artist, and the quality of the work which he was at this very time executing for Harrison Ainsworth--can scarcely be conceived. They are so ashamed of themselves, that his signature--usually so distinct, so characteristic, and so clear on other occasions--is illegible, in many cases wholly wanting. At length, in vol. xiii. (1843) appeared a story called ”The Exile of Louisiana,” ”with an ill.u.s.tration by George Cruikshank” (for Bentley, probably by way of retaliation, was determined the public should know that these performances were due to the hand which had produced the famous etchings to ”Oliver Twist,” ”Jack Sheppard,” and the contemporaneous story of the ”Miser's Daughter”). We should like to have seen the face of the author when this extraordinary conception dawned upon him. The tale (a serious and pathetic one) was burlesqued with one of the most grotesque caricatures the mind of comic artist ever conceived. It represents Marshal Saxe recognising the widow of a late Czaaravitch in the gardens of the Tuileries. The marshal, a most extraordinary personage, would make in actual life the fortune of any enterprising showman. He possesses a nose of Slawkenbergian proportions; his pig-tail reaches below his waist; and his sword, sticking out at right angles, gives him the appearance of a fly with a pin through its middle. Near him stands a courtier, with ankles of such fearful and wonderful construction that his legs will snap the moment he attempts to use them. As for the distinguished relict of the Czaaravitch, she is one of the most wonderful of the many wonderful people who figure in the sketch. Her figure is an anatomical impossibility; while her mouth reaches from ear to ear (the letterpress, by the way, informs us that her deceased husband had married her for her beauty!). The statue of Mercury, posed like a scaramouch at a masquerade, is matched by that of Neptune, who whirls his trident round his head in a state of the wildest hilarity, cutting at the same time a caper over the body of an attendant dolphin, who is so overcome with the whimsicality of the proceeding that he is making the most violent efforts to restrain his laughter. This last shot probably hit the mark, for only three etchings appear in vol. xiv., and not one afterwards.
George was victorious; but there are victories and victories, and a triumph won at the cost of an artistic reputation is as disastrous as a defeat.
THE MISUNDERSTANDING WITH AINSWORTH.
Harrison Ainsworth's long connection with the artist had taught him that he was one who would be neither driven nor led, and he was wise enough to accommodate himself to circ.u.mstances. The admirable woodcut design at the head of that division of the magazine which was known as ”Our Library Table,” shows us the artist and the handsome editor in consultation, and the att.i.tude of the two men is indicative of the fact that Ainsworth is attentively listening to the advice or suggestions of his coadjutor, a fact to which Cruikshank himself has been particular to draw our attention. To the free and unfettered conditions under which Cruikshank co-operated with Ainsworth we owe a series of the most justly celebrated and valuable of his designs. In matters, however, connected with art, Cruikshank was, as we have seen, a difficult man to get on with, and it was fairly safe to predict that a quarrel between the author and artist was a mere question of time. The artist remained on the staff of ”Ainsworth's Magazine” for three years, enriching its pages with some of the choicest efforts of his pencil. At the end of that period came the unfortunate but almost unavoidable misunderstanding; and George Cruikshank, as he had done with Bentley, withdrew from the concern. Unlike Bentley, however, Ainsworth appears not only to have foreseen, but to have made preparations for the inevitable; and accordingly, when George Cruikshank retired, his place was immediately taken by an artist of talent, destined to win for himself a considerable position among the ranks of designers and etchers: this was Hablot Knight Browne, then and now known to us under his monosyllabic _nom-de-guerre_ of _Phiz_.
It seems to us fitting in this place to say a few words on the subject of George's pretension to be the originator of two of Ainsworth's stories, because the truth of his a.s.sertion has been questioned by a late commentator.[94] George's statements simply amount to this: that so far as the ill.u.s.trations to the ”Miser's Daughter” and ”The Tower of London” are concerned, the author wrote up to _his_ designs. We have considered Ainsworth's answers to this statement, and find that although he fences with, he does not deny it. It was one essential condition of Cruikshank's success that his fancy should be free and untrammelled, and the truth of his statement appears to us to be proved by the ill.u.s.trations to these works, which are certainly the finest which he ever designed; that he was therefore (as he stated) the originator of these tales in the sense in which he used the word, we can entertain no manner of doubt.
Most of the Cruikshank commentators, whilst writing on the subject of the Harrison Ainsworth etchings, have thought fit to decry the author's share of the performance; but the fact that the pictures are so much better than the letterpress should not prevent us from dealing fairly with the veteran author, who, like the distinguished artist with whom he so long co-operated, has now gone to his rest. Even Mr. Ainsworth's detractors will, we think, admit that without him we should have lost the admirable ill.u.s.trations to ”Windsor Castle,” ”Jack Sheppard,” and ”St. James's”; it may even be doubted whether without him we should have had the still better series of etchings which adorn the ”Tower of London” and the ”Miser's Daughter.” If this be the fact, it seems to us we owe a lasting debt of grat.i.tude to this venerable writer, who experienced the vicissitudes which inevitably befall mere talent when allied with genius. He was a writer of the George Payne Ransford James school, dispensing, however, with the inevitable setting sun and two travellers, and received a price for his productions which many a better author might well envy. For his novel of ”Old St. Paul's” (1841) he was paid by the proprietors of the _Sunday Times_ one thousand pounds; ”The Miser's Daughter” attained an extraordinary success; and the same remark applies to ”Windsor Castle.” For ”The Lancas.h.i.+re Witches” he received from the proprietors of the _Sunday Times_ one thousand pounds. Several of the works named had not the benefit of Cruikshank's ill.u.s.trations; but in 1850-1, cheap editions of all such of Mr. Ainsworth's romances and tales as had appeared up to that period, were published by Messrs.
Chapman and Hall without any ill.u.s.trations at all. ”Windsor Castle” was the first of the series, and upwards of thirty thousand copies were disposed of in a short time; while all the other works enjoyed a very large sale, and popular favour was so far from being exhausted, that another edition of his novels was called for in 1864-1868. He was a veritable literary rolling stone. In 1845 he disposed of his magazine to the publishers, and purchased the ”New Monthly,” previously edited by Theodore Hook and (after his death) by Thomas Hood; in 1854 he bought the far-famed ”Miscellany” itself, becoming its proprietor and editor; in that year he seems also to have re-purchased ”Ainsworth's Magazine,”