Part 11 (1/2)

1834. Emanc.i.p.ation in West Indies takes place, August ist; new poor law in England, August 14th; insurrection headed by Mazzini in Italy.

1835. Death of Cobbett, June 16th; anti-slavery periodicals taken from post-office at Charleston, S. C, and burned by mob, July; convent at Charlestown, Ma.s.s., burned by a mob, August; Garrison mobbed in Boston, and other abolitionists in New York and Vermont, October 21st; extension of munic.i.p.al suffrage in England; Tocqueville's Democracy in America and Strauss's Life of Jesus published.

1836. Transcendental Club founded in Boston, September; Parker begins to preach; t.i.thes commuted in England; taxes on newspapers reduced; dissenters permitted to marry without disobedience to conscience; Emerson's Nature and d.i.c.kens' Pickwick Papers published.

1837. Discussion of slavery in House of Representatives suppressed, January; Miss Grimke's anti-slavery lectures, June; Emerson's address on The American Scholar, August 31st; Anti-Slavery Convention of N. E.

Methodists, October 25th; Carlyle's French Revolution published.

1838. Emerson's Divinity School Address, July 15th; Kneeland imprisoned sixty days, that same summer, for blasphemy; Pennsylvania Hall burned by a pro-slavery mob; Irish t.i.the system reformed; daguerreotypes invented; Atlantic crossed by steam; railroad from London to Birmingham; Channing's Self-Culture published.

1839. Anti-Corn-Law League organised, March 20th; unsectarian common schools in England; great Chartist pet.i.tion; Pope forbids attendance at the scientific congress at Pisa.

1840. Penny postage, January 10th; nomination of candidate for President, April ist, by Liberty party: quarrels in May among abolitionists; World's Anti-Slavery Convention at London, in June, refuses seats to female delegates; local self-government in Irish cities; protest of American Catholics against sectarianism of public schools; The Dial begins; Carlyle's Heroes and Hero Wors.h.i.+p published.

1841, Hetherington imprisoned in England for publis.h.i.+ng Letters to the Clergy, and the editor of the Oracle of Reason for attacking the Bible; Emerson's first volume of Essays published.

1842. Garrison calls on free States to secede, May; death of Channing, October 2d; Brook Farm started, as are many communties about this time; Spencer's theory of the limits of government published, 1844. Morse proves value of telegraph by announcing nomination of Frelinghuysen for Vice-President by Whigs, May 1st; disunion banner publicly accepted by Garrison, June 1st; annexation of Texas and reduction of tariff decided by election on November 5th; rule against discussing slavery repealed by House of Representatives; Lowell's Poems published.

1845. Parker begins to preach regularly in Boston, February 16th; potato rot in Ireland, August; Vestiges of Creation published.

1846. Mexico invaded by U. S. troops, March; free trade established in England, June 25th, and bill to reduce American tariff signed, June 26th; first volume of Grote's Greece and first number of Lowell's Biglow Papers published.

1847. Mexicans defeated at Buena Vista by General Taylor, February 22d and 23d; death of O'Connell, May 15th.

1848. Revolution in Paris, February 22d; King abdicates, February 24th; insurrections in Munich, Vienna, Berlin, Venice, and Milan in March, afterwards in other cities; ”spirit rappings” at Rochester, N.Y., begin March 31st; Chartist demonstration at London, April 10th; Emanc.i.p.ation decreed by French Republic, April 27th; socialist insurrection at Paris, June 23d, 24th, 25th, and 26th; ”Woman's Rights”

Convention at Seneca Falls, N. Y., July 19th; revolt in Ireland, July 29th; Buffalo Convention of Free Soilers, August 9th; Kossuth dictator of Hungary, September 25th; State const.i.tution and town ordinances made in October by citizens of California without Federal sanction; pro-slavery defeat at election of Taylor, November 7th; flight of Pope from Rome, November 24th; Louis Napoleon president of France, December 10th; Lowell's Vision of Sir Launfal, Fable for Critics, and Biglow Papers published, 1849. Defeat of King of Sardinia by Austrians at Novara, March 23d, prevents liberation of Italy; Rome captured by French, July 3d; Hungarian army surrendered to Russians by Gorgei, August 13th; Venice taken by Austrians, August 28th; Emanc.i.p.ation Convention in Kentucky.

1850. Death of Wordsworth, April 24th, and of President Taylor, July 9th; Fugitive Slave Bill signed, September 18th; first national ”Woman's Rights” Convention at Worcester, Ma.s.s., October 23d and 24th; Bradlaugh's first lecture; Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter, Spencer's Social Statics, and Tennyson's In Memoriam published.

1851. London Great Exhibition opens May ist; a fugitive slave rescued at Boston, Sunday, February 16th, another at Syracuse, N. Y., October ist; usurpation of Louis Napoleon, December 2d, 1851.

1852. Uncle Tom's Cabin published, March 20th; death of Frances Wright, and accession of Napoleon III., December 2d; Herbert Spencer announces the principle of Differentiation.

1854. Repeal of Missouri Compromise proposed by Douglas, January 23d; return of Burns, a fugitive slave, from Boston, June 2d; U. S.

Const.i.tution publicly burned by Garrison, July 4th; Kansas election carried by border ruffians, November 29th; Th.o.r.eau's Walden published.

1855. Spencer's Pyschology and Walt Whitman's Leaves of Gra.s.s published, 1856. Sumner a.s.saulted, May 22d..

1857. Disunion Convention, Worcester, Ma.s.s., January 15th; death of Beranger, July 16th, and of Comte, September 5th; tariff reduced twenty per cent, in U. S. A.; Buckle's History of Civilisation, vol. i., published.

1858. Essays by Darwin and Wallace read in public, July ist; Jews admitted to Parliament by act pa.s.sed July 23d; death of Robert Owen, November 17th; Lincoln and Douglas campaign in Illinois.

1859. Austrians defeated at Magenta, June 4th, and Solferino.

June 24th; Lombardy annexed to Sardinia by treaty of Villafranca, July nth; John Brown takes possession of Harper's Ferry, Sunday, October 16th, and is tried November 2d; Darwin's Origin of Species published, November 24th; John Brown hung, December 2d. 1860. Split of Democratic party, April 30th; death of Theodore Parker, May 10th; Garibaldi enters Naples, September 7th; election of Lincoln, November 6th; secession of South Carolina, December 20th; annexation of two Sicilies to Sardinia, December 26th; Mill on Liberty published.

1861. Confederate States of America organised, February 8th; protective tariff pa.s.sed, March 2d; Russian serfs emanc.i.p.ated, March 3d; Lincoln inaugurated, March 4th; Victor Emmanuel King of Italy, March 17th; Fort Sumter bombarded, April 12th, surrendered, April 13th; Lincoln's proclamation, Monday, April 15th, calls all the North to arms; death of Cavour, June 6th; Union defeat at Bull Run, Sunday, July 21st.

1862. Paper money made legal tender in U. S. A., February 25th; return of fugitives from slavery by army or navy forbidden, March 13th; negro soldiers, April; death of Th.o.r.eau, May 6th, and of Buckle, May 29th; disastrous campaign of McClellan in Virginia ends by his retreat, July 8th; Union victory at Antietam, September 19th; emanc.i.p.ation announced as a possible war measure by Lincoln, September 22d; Union defeat at Fredericksburg, December 13th; Victor Hugo's Les Miserables published, also Spencer's First Principles containing his full theory of Integration and Differentiation.