Part 2 (1/2)

consecutive patients, or confined to a b. Trial with high false-negative (a) error-a narrow spectrum of study individuals (or 'negative' trial that could not exclude the both), all of whom have undergone both real possibility of a clinically important the diagnostic test and the reference benefit or difference because of small standard; numbers.

* A diagnostic CDR not validated in a test Individual well-designed cohort study set 2c Audit or or ”Outcomes” Research ”Outcomes” Research Audit or or ”Outcomes” Research ”Outcomes” Research 3a Systematic review of case-control studies Prospective or retrospective cohort study Systematic review with h.o.m.ogeneity of 3b with h.o.m.ogeneity of adequate size, but with some studies limitations in methodology 3b Individual well-designed case-control study Study with independent blind comparison of an appropriate spectrum, but the reference standard was not applied to all study patients; Non-consecutive study

4.

Case-series; Poor quality prognostic cohort studies in Case-control study in which: Cohort and case-control studies that lack which sampling was biased or * Reference standard was un.o.bjective, defined comparison groups and/or did not measurement of outcomes achieved in unblinded or not independent; measure interventions & outcomes in <80% of=”” study=”” patients=”” *=”” positive=”” and=”” negative=”” tests=”” were=”” not=”” similar=”” and=”” appropriate=”” ways=”” verified=”” using=”” separate=”” reference=”” standards;=”” or=”” or=”” *=”” study=”” was=”” performed=”” in=”” an=”” inappropriate=”” spectrum=”” of=”” patients=””>

5.

Expert opinion (individual or committee) Expert opinion without explicit critical Expert opinion without explicit critical without explicit critical appraisal appraisal, or based on physiology, bench appraisal, or based on physiology, bench research or ”first principles”

research or ”first principles”

adapted from Sackett DL. Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations. Can J Cardiol Can J Cardiol 1993;9:487-489 1993;9:487-489 and NHS Research and Development Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2001.

10.

EDUCATIONAL MODULE.

Volume 11(6), June 2003

REFERENCES.

1. Janz KF, Burns TL, Torner JC, Levy SM, Paulos R, Willing MC et al. Physical activity and bone measures in young children: the Iowa bone development study. Pediatrics Pediatrics 2001; 107(6):1387-1393. Accessed at: home.mdconsult.com 2. Lloyd T, Chinchilli VM, Johnson-Rollings N, Kieselhorst K, Eggli DF, Marcus R. Adult female hip bone density reflects teenage sports-exercise patterns but not teenage calcium intake. 2001; 107(6):1387-1393. Accessed at: home.mdconsult.com 2. Lloyd T, Chinchilli VM, Johnson-Rollings N, Kieselhorst K, Eggli DF, Marcus R. Adult female hip bone density reflects teenage sports-exercise patterns but not teenage calcium intake. Pediatrics Pediatrics 2000; 106(1 Pt 1):40-44. 2000; 106(1 Pt 1):40-44.

PMID:10878147.

3. Rowlands AV, Eston RG, Ingledew DK. Relations.h.i.+p between activity levels, aerobic fitness, and body fat in 8- to 10-yr-old children. J Appl Physiol J Appl Physiol 1999; 86(4):1428-1435. Accessed on: Jan. 8, 2003 at ponent program for nutrition and physical activity change in primary care: PACE+ for adolescents. 1999; 86(4):1428-1435. Accessed on: Jan. 8, 2003 at ponent program for nutrition and physical activity change in primary care: PACE+ for adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155(8):940-946. 2001; 155(8):940-946.

PMID:11483123.

5. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Inst.i.tute (CFLRI). Understanding Youth Physical Activity. The Research File The Research File 2000; Reference No. 00-05. 2000; Reference No. 00-05.

6. Bright Futures in Practice: Physical Activity Bright Futures in Practice: Physical Activity. Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal Child Health, 2001.