Part 9 (1/2)

2 Note disparities between the verbal and nonverbal behaviors Consider possible explanations for their occurrence, but re is not the only possible one

3 If you know a person well, pay attention to any changes that do not match their norain, bear inis not the only explanation for these deviations

4 Lying should only be concluded if all other explanations have been successfully rejected

5 The person in question should be allowed to talk It will help you to look for those verbalnonverbalhypotheses It also makes it harder for the suspect tothey have to attend both to what they are saying and to how they saying it, thus giving the ga es in behavior

6 Most frequently cited nonverbal cues of deception, such as gaze aversion or restlessness, have not been confir the, but reminds us to take into account individual differences So, while others may not exhibit any of them at all

THE CLUES TO DECEIT

People co verbal, vocal and visual cues The words they choose, their voice quality and numerous body cues all provide infornitive state, and whether theyThe lie-catcher needs to notice and interpret these manifold and subtle cues Expert, professional lie-catchers differ frouided) amateur by the cues they look for, the trust they have in these, and the way they are interpreted

Liars leak deceit Most try hard to cover up their deceit, but it is difficult to control words, voice, face, feet and hands all at the same time The voice and the face carry important cues Vrij (2000, p 33) has identified seventeen nonverbal behaviors that : Overview and descriptions of the nonverbal behaviors: Vocal characteristics 1 Speech hesitations: use of the words 'ah', 'um', 'er', and so on

2 Speech errors: word and/or sentence repetition, sentence change, sentence incoue, and so on

3 Pitch of voice: changes in pitch of voice, such as a rise or fall in pitch

4 Speech rate: number of spoken words in a certain period of time

5 Latency period: period of silence between question and answer

6 Frequency of pauses: frequency of silent periods during speech

7 Pause durations: length of silent periods during speech

Facial characteristics 8 Gaze: looking at the face of the conversation partner

9 S of the eyes

Move the head, wrists, and so on

12 Illustrators: functional hand and ar said verbally

13 Hand and finger ers withoutand foot s

15 Head movements: head nods and head shakes

16 Trunk movements: movements of the trunk (usually acco position:position (usually acco ives seven specific verbal indicators that often relate to lying (see Table 51)

Experts in the area, such as Ekman (2001), have stressed facial clues to deceit and how facial expressions can serve a lie, but also provide ues that the face can shohich eust, distress, happiness, contentment, excitement, surprise and contempt can all be conveyed by distinctive expressions The face can also shohether two eether often two eisters eleth of the felt emotion each ee, apprehension to terror and so on (p 125)

People, through growing up, learn facial display rules But to the skilled observer there are a range of micro-expressions which yield the emotions behind them There are a number of technical terms that help to describe expressions For example, a ”squelched” expression is where one (possibly natural) expression is masked or covered by another Experts look for asymmetrical facial expressions which show up on only one side of the face, the exact location of these expressions, the ti of the expression (with both words and other expressions)

TABLE 51 Seven specific verbal indicators that often relate to lying To experts such as Ekman, the face really is the uish between eighteen different types of smile from the contemptuous, dampened and miserable to the flirtatious, embarrassed and compliant He also documents some of the characteristics that often accompany particular lies False s they last); they are often asymmetrical, they are not accompanied by the involvement of the many muscles around the eye, and they only cover the actions of the lower face and lower eyelid

Ekman (2001) concluded: The face may contain many different clues to deceit: e in the reliable facialand blanching, asy, mistakes in location, and false s concealed infor that so concealed but not what; and others ns of deceitvary in the precision of the information they convey Some clues to deceit reveal exactly which eh the liar tries to conceal that feeling Other clues to deceit reveal only whether the eative and don't reveal exactly which negative emotion or which positive emotion the liar feels Still other clues are evenonly that the liar feels so is positive or negative Thatthat soest that a person is lying, if the situation is one in which except for lying the person would not be likely to feel any emotion at all Other times a lie won't be betrayed without more precise information about which concealed emotion is felt It depends upon the lie, the line taken by the person suspected of lying, the situation, and the alternative explanations available, apart froht be felt but concealed (p 161)

Experts, pundits and researchers they are not necessarily the same are often called on by thethe truth The recent public inquiry into the war in Iraq has seenscrutinised on record Usually, all the experts have to rely on are brief video-clips

There are so: 1 You can observe stress signals produced by the autonomic nervous syste; ”tickly” nose and throat; blushi+ng or blanching These are observable when so or not It is very easy to confuse the two Most people in interviews are, initially at any rate, anxious Psychopaths are brilliant liars because they don't suffer guilt and thus do not beco

2 People are less conscious of their feet or legs: the further you are froes in foot-tapping, pointing feet to the exit (”I want to get out of here”), and si have all been taken to indicate lying Yet active extroverts fidgetchildren Foot movementsThe frequent crossing of legs may simply indicate an uncomfortable chair It is critically i said and changes in nonverbal behavior during the conversation

3 Posture is esture: it can be seen to be more unnatural and more forced when people lie Because people seenal various desires (to leave, for exa back the truth However, the shape and co to do with it

4 Give-away, expansive gestures decline: because they feel they ht out, liars tend to sit on their hands, fold their arether The lack of spontaneity ht And soesturally expressive as others

5 shi+fty gazes: when children are lying they look down or away They look guilty but do not look you in the eye Many an innocent person has been accused of lying because they avoid eye contact But people avoid eye contact for many different reasons perhaps they feel uncertain about their opinions, they are trying to remember facts, or they feel social embarrassment Indeed, it is impolite in some cultures to look soht because, knowing this ”rule”, they stare too ot caught

Considerable and i The researchpeople when they are known to be lying as well as when they are known to be telling the truth Fro interpersonal style, one can see the difference when they are lying And one can vary the type of lie involved to see whether this makes any difference One can perform these studies on men versus women, professionals versus tradespeople; those labelled neurotic versus the stable and so on, to look at individual difference patterns

However, there is no hard and fast practice regarding catching liars At interview it is good to relax people (to get theuard) and then to talk as reater the nuht

Collett (2003) used the concept of ”tell” to specify signals or actions that ”tell you” what so, even if that person does not know it themselves:Detection Tells Whereaslies, the opposite appears to be the case They seem to fail at this all-important skill for five reasons First, people prefer blissful ignorance, not wanting to ad Next, people set their detection threshold very high, but highly suspicious people ht set it very low Third, people who rely on intuition and ”gut feelings” do not do as well as those who look for clues to deception Fourth, people forget that all behaviors have le, si places and for the wrong cues fidgeting as opposed to s tells:Eye tells People know about gaze patterns and control the

Body tells Despite popular belief, handare under conscious control and therefore unreliable indexes of lying However, other neglected things such as leg and footare better indicators Further, just as ly ani the nose really represents covering the mouth The ”Pinocchio syndrome” may simply be a result of anxiety and it re fro in the face/nose) occurs when people lie

Masking tells These are masks (often ss about lying The straight or crypto-relaxed facetells Smiles are used extensively by experienced liars because they both make others feel positive and also tend to make others less suspicious about the liar But there are many types of smile blended, miserable, counterfeit Clues to the counterfeit ser), asseether and dismantled more quickly), location (confined to the lower part of the face) and symmetry (they are less symmetrical)

Micro tells: These are very fast, short-lived, micro-momentous expressions that are difficult to see live but can be seen on a secondby-second videotape playback They e of e tells Despite the fact that most people believe nonverbal cues are better than verbal cues to lying, in fact the reverse appears to be true Collett (2003) lists eleven of these: 1 Circuression

2 Outlining: broad-brush, detail-free account Liars rarely expand when asked, while truth-tellers do

3 Satives: liars are ative statements

5 Word-choice: fewer self references (I, eneralizations (everybody, always)