Part 2 (2/2)

There is also physiological evidence that sical consequences This is even truer of laughter and there is evidence of a feedback loop Sical consequences whichself uage researchers have atteory scheists noted that chimpanzees have two smiles: a submission face (lips retracted, teeth exposed) and a play face (lower jaw dropped and corners of the ned to appease

S in humans can indicate dominance If you watch two people of different social rank, you will see that the dominant person smiles more in ”friendly situations” but less in ”unfriendly situations”

Psychologists havehuman smiles, but at the enuine versus fake smiles Fake smiles are used for various purposes often to pretend to show enjoyreement These are easily noticeable because they involve the mouth and not the eyes Technically we can define the physiological difference between a genuine and fake somatic major and orbicularis oculi) Real smiles involve both of these muscles, but fake smiles involve the former but not the latter Fake smiles involve the mouth more than the eyes: they are, in a sense only half the story

Another distinction has been between open- and closed-mouth smiles One writer (Judi James, 2008) has identified fourteen different smiles, which she calls the , the stretched social rictus, perfect, suppressed, tonsilflasher, secret, uber-flirt, aggressive, lower-jaw jut, clencher, s and know-all!

The world's expert, however, is Paul Ekical motives to understand the nature of s and intense and shows all signs of positive feeling associated with amusement, contentment, pleasure from stimulation

2 The fear smile and contempt smile are misnoh both can have a ”smily mouth” and dimples

3 The dampened smile is a real smile where people attempt to suppress or conceal the extent of their positive erin and bear it” sative emotions

5 The flirtatious sazes/faces away from the person of interest/contact

6 The Chaplin smile is a contorted, supercilious s

Ekn particular es; for exae off a harshthe sement that a bitter pill will be sithout protest 3 The coordinated sreeement

4 The listener response s heard has been understood It is an encouragement to the speaker to continue

Politicians,So do those in the hospitality business There are things they learn not to do: open youra sudden flash sraphed s cheese produces fake s very little (Vladiaret Thatcher) have a reputation for being tough and non-sub effects a person's reputation, and those in the ”reputation business” know that

Detecting false smiles

There are many reasons why people s they tend to s the truth, because they do the opposite to what people expect of those who are telling a lie Police studies have shown gling) and less serious ones (such as speeding) tend to senuinely when innocent than those who are later proved to be guilty You can detect false or counterfeit s it lasts False sether (eyes, mouth) and taken apart more quickly than real smiles

3 Location: False smiles are ”voluntary” and involve mainly the lower part of the face, whereas real ”involuntary” smiles also involve the upper part of the face around the eyes and eyebrows

4 Symmetry: If the sht side) it is more likely to be false

DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES

In a brilliant and highly detailed analysis of one, albeit famous, person, Peter Collett from the University of Oxford identified six quite different smiles:Eye-puff smile, to widen the eyes andof her

Spencer senuine

Pursed smile, which occurred at times of shyness and e the head so the eyes look up showing childlikeness

Head-cant s the head to one side to show she was unthreatening

Turn-away ses (approach/avoidance); Darwin called this a hybrid expression and it is considered ”irresistible”

S at work

Those in certain businesses such as the service and entertained to smile so that it becomes a natural part of their work activity It is relatively easy to teach this, because it has such obvious quick and immediate rewards to those who smile: they feel better, others respond more positively, and they succeed in their task more quickly and more often Thus they feel better about themselves and their task, and smile more naturally more often

Gestures

Hands, heads and feet can be used to produce a very wide range of signals, signs and other movements Hand movements accompany speech and can be used to point to people, objects, self; show spatial relationshi+ps (in/outside; up/down); show spatialrhyth); draw a visual picture (spiral slide, oddshaped rooued that estures have relatively specific s (see Table 22)

TABLE 22 Gestures and their esture-poor, possibly because of the richness of the English language The ”teeth flick” (ood”) or the ”eyelid-pull” ( ”I am alert”) are unknown in Britain

How frequently people gesture is a function of esture a lot while speaking on the telephone); how excited, involved and enthusiastic they are; when the topic is co attention; when the speaker wants to dominate the listener; when the topic is concrete and about manual activities (pitch a tent, tie a tie) rather than abstract; and those eaker verbal skills

It is possible to distinguish between esture Ekuished between:Ee, often rude, sometimes part of a task- or occupation-specific culture They are a shorthand (pun intended!) substitute for words

Illustrators: movements that accoot away and the place of the pain in the body are both illustrators

Regulators: gesture movements such as those of an orchestral conductor They atte others in, encourage people to continue

Adaptors: anxiety displacement movements that estures of powerful emotions or symbolic quality, such as the clenched fist, the nazi salute, the laying on of hands

If a person taps his or her teent: opposite esture This hand-to-brain contact could ht, clever) The context and the culture deterestures extend well beyond specific or national boundaries

Gestures can say so of the emotional state of others, particularly their level of exciteestures: the neck-scratch, collar-tug or fingers inof shaive information about personality Extroverts tend to be more expansive, while people with depression have fewer, slower, estures Neurotic people touch their faces and hair often, scratching and pulling; they indulge in wringing their hands, interlocking their fingers, and opening and closing their fists

There are lo-Saxon culture, are easily interpreted These include rubbing hands together (excited expectation, or si hands (in front of the face, on a desk or in front of the crotch)hands (up or down) is usually a positive gesture of confidence; thu your thuht to show superiority, even pomposity, possibly even lay oneself open to ridicule

Hand-to-face gestures are particularly intriguing and nicely characterized in the three wise monkey states known as ”Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil” The h or used to conceal a yawn, is often associated with lying as is the nose touch It has been suggested that if a speaker touches his or her , while if the listener does it, it suggests that he or she feels the speaker is lying!

The eye-rub (see no evil), the ear-rub (hear no evil), and the neckscratch, collar-tug or fingers in ns of deceit or uncertainty or si causes physical tension, which leads to the gesture, rather than it being thethe chin, cheek or jaw is usually associated with thinking (evaluating what is being said orthe back of the neck is often interpreted as a sign of frustration (”pain in the neck”) Folded ars, flowers or books as a barrier is usually interpreted as defensiveness or nervousness Equally, leg or foot crossing with ankle locks is usually interpreted as coldness or defensiveness Precisely when these gestures are adopted or changed (particularly in ter said at the time) is a very important clue to their interpretation