Part 38 (1/2)

From Commercial Australia find the trade of the United States with the Commonwealth

FOR COLLATERAL READING AND REFERENCE

From a cyclopaedia read the history of Australia as a convict colony

Commercial Australia

Footnotes:

[1] If the edition for free distribution is exhausted, these may be purchased from the Superintendent of Docureatness of Palan when the route was abandoned The present town of Tadmor is near the ruins of the former city

[3] Cosmas Indicopleustes--in early life a merchant, in later years athe first part of the sixth century His writings contain ical arguraphy written by Ptoleiven as 1169, 1200, and 1241

[5] To Waldemar III of Denmark it dictated terms that made its power in Scandinavia supreme

[6] For a complete list of books for reference, see p xii

[7] The record time on this route was made by the Lucania in five days, seven hours, and twenty-three ht The fastest day's run yet recorded was made by the Deutschland--601 nautical ress the River and Harbor Bill always receives a generous appropriation

[9] Intrade in the Western States are started via the canal in October, reaching their destination at Chicago so been frozen up in one or another of the canal basins during the winter The rate paid for this slow transit is considerably less than the ae; moreover, it is nearly all clear profit to the canal boatmen

[10] The minimum depth of the canal is 22 feet; its width at the bottoun September, 1892, and completed January 2, 1902, at a cost of thirty-four million dollars More than forty million cubic yards of earth and rock were excavated All the bridges crossing it are ht travel will be too dangerous a risk With a continuous travel the tireat trunk systee ton-mile rate in 1870 was one and one-seventh cents; in 1900 it was just one-half that su boiler has froh it from end to end The heat froh the tubular flues; it thus increases the heating surface very greatly The forced draught isthe exhaust steaht through the fire-box

[14] A single locoht at a speed of twenty-fivehauled 4,800 tons of coal from the mines to tide-water without a helper

[15] The Vanderbilt boiler with cylindrical corrugated fire-box invented by Cornelius Vanderbilt, great-grandson of the founder of the New York Central,The cylindrical forely obviates the necessity of an array of stay-bolts to prevent warping; the corrugated surface gives greater heating power

[16] The Central-Atlantic type of loco-wheels are placed a little forward of their usual position, while the fire-box, fors each side of a pair of low trailing-wheels By thissurface of the fire-box is increased nearly one-half A lever controlled by the engineer enables the latter to transfer 5,000 pounds weight frorade is to be surreatly increased

(_See cut, p 61_)

[17] A line from Vienna to Triest was opened about 1854; Germany was joined to Italy across Brenner Pass in 1868; France was connected with Italy through a tunnel near Mont Cenis in 1871; in 1882 the traffic of Germany was opened to Mediterranean ports by a tunnel under St

Gotthard In this radually developed

[18] The building of the West Shore Railroad is an illustration After both roads had suffered tremendous losses the New York Central settled the reat number of similar cases both in the United States and Europe

[19] In Great Britain the ton-rate is about 230 per hundred miles; in Germany, 175; in Russia, 130; in the United States, 070 The difference is due as ement

[20] Thus, A, B, and C are roads whose chief tero and New York City The road C is the shortest of the three lines, but its grades are very heavy B is, say, one hundred rades A is a very indirect route, and its New York traffic must be trans-shi+pped at Boston, or perhaps at New London, and sent a part of the way by water If now an absolute ton-mile rate is fixed for either road, it is evident that neither of the others can carry through freight without altering rates If C fixes a rate, then A and B o and Montreal, or Chicago and Albany, than between their teral in most States, the laws are evaded by ”rebate,” or repayment of a certain sum to the shi+pper Of the three roads B, on account of easy grades, is in the best position to fix rates It therefore makes, not the lowest rate, but the one that will yield the best returns C confor at a very small profit But if A happens to be outside of the limits of the United States, it h freight it gets is clear profit, and inasmuch as none of the laws of a State apply to the Canadian portion of the road, itwith A, the three roads X, Y, and Z are perhaps endeavoring to have soht sent from Buffalo eastward over their own lines In instances si it is custoh business and to allow a ”differential”

to A--that is, on account of its slower delivery of through freight, to carry it at a slightly lower rate B then adjusts its traffic with X, Y, and Z in a similar manner; and on the whole this is the fairest way to all concerned