Part 5 (1/2)

What has been the effect of cheap steel on ocean navigation?

Discuss the difference between a screw-steamshi+p and a side-wheeler; a shi+p and a schooner How are vessels steered?

How does a triple-expansion engine differ frooes are carried by water across Europe froue to the mouth of the Danube; illustrate the route on ainstruction occasionally is found in the pilothouse of a vessel--what is its reen and red to red-- Perfect safety; go ahead”

Frohts in entering New York Harbor

The new freighter Minnesota is designed to carry a load of 30,000 tons; how30,000 pounds, are required to furnish her cargo?

From the map on pp x-xi describe the new ocean routes that will be created by an interoceanic canal across the American continent

FOR COLLATERAL REFERENCE

Photographs or illustrations of various stea craft

An Atlantic Coast Pilot Chart--anythe canals of the United States

Athe canals of Europe

[Illustration: A MODERN LOCOMOTIVE--THE TWENTIETH CENTURY LIMITED AT A SPEED EXCEEDING NINETY MILES AN HOUR]

CHAPTER VI

TRANSPORTATION--RAILWAYS AND RAILWAY ORGANIZATION; PUBLIC HIGHWAYS

In the United States and western Europe, in spite of the low cost of water transportation, the railways have almost wholly monopolized the transportation of co of time in transit--for under the demands of modern business, the only economy is economy of time--and in part to proe centre of population like New York, London, or Berlin, many ht daily for consumption Now these food-stuffs must be delivered with pro half a million pounds of meat or a hundred thousand pounds of flour or a car-load of fruit to deliver can take no risks; he sends it by rail, not only because it is the quickest way, but because experience has shown it to be the most prompt way; as a rule, it is delivered on the exact oes of silks and teas froht be sent all the way to London by water, but experience has shown a nments are sent by swift steamshi+ps to Seattle; thence by fast express trains to New York; there they are transferred to swift liners that take theh this method of shi+pment is enormously expensive as co of time and certainty of prompt delivery more than offset the extra cost of delivery

In the last half of the nineteenth century the cost of haulage in the United States by rail decreased so materially that in a few instances only--notably the Great Lakes and the Hudson River--do inland waters coanization of the railways, but mainly to the substitution of Bessereat i stock

The use of a steam-driven locomotive became possible for the first time when Stephenson used the tubular boiler and the forced draught,[13]

thereby h for a short, quick stroke In 1865 a good freight loco thirty tons could haul about forty box-cars, each loaded with ten tons This was the le locomotive was about twenty-five or thirty cars Heavier locomotives could not well be used because the iron rails went to pieces under them

The invention of Besse of a locomotive three or four times as heavy as those formerly employed; it produced boilers that would carry steam at 250 instead of 60 pounds pressure per square inch As a result, with only a le locohty or ninety box-cars, each carrying nearly seventy thousand pounds[14]

The application of the double and the triple expansion principle has been quite as successful with loco power--that is, it has decreased the cost per ton- passengers Enlarged ”fire-boxes,” or furnaces,[15] enable steaher speed[16] Only a few years ago forty-eight hours was the scheduled tio; now there are about forty trains a day between these two cities, several of which make the trip in twenty-four hours or less

=Railway Developht by virtue of a government charter, dates from 1801, when a tramas built between Croydon and Wandsworth, two suburbs of London The rails were iron straps, nailed to wooden stringers The charter was carefully drawn in order to prevent the road fro with omnibus lines and public cabs