Part 22 (1/2)

Boil parchlove leather, in water till it forms a size, which, when cool, beco blackened an earthern plate, by holding it over the flame of a candle, mix up with a camel hair pencil, the fine lamp-black thus obtained, with some of the above size, while the plate is still war, and produces an ink of the say with the pencil, and is as perfectly transparent as the best Indian ink”

”Instead of water use brandy, with the saredients which enter into the composition of any ink, and it will never freeze”

”Bacteria in Ink--According to experi by the leading bacteriologists of Gererous character, the bacteria taken therefro to kill mice and rabbits inoculated therewith in the space of from one to three days”

”The old on paper, and for ornaold a which is as follows:

”Take gum ammoniacum, and powder it; and then dissolve it in water previously iarlic

The gum ammoniacum will not dissolve in water, so as to form a transparent fluid, but produces a milky appearance; from whence the mixture is called in medicine the lac ammoniacum With the lac ammoniacum thus prepared, draith a pencil, or write with a pen on paper, or vellu Suffer the paper to dry; and then, or any time afterwards, breath on it till it be old, or parts of leaves cut in the old, over the parts drawn or written upon with the lac aently to the paper with a ball of cotton or soft leather When the paper becoentle heat will soon effect, brush off, with a soft pencil, or rub off by a fine linen rag, the redundant gold which covered the parts between the lines of the drawing or writing; and the finest hair strokes of the pencil or pen, as well as the broader, will appear perfectly gilt”

It is usual to see in old old which rise considerably fro them in the manner of e, and others have a very high polish Thethese letters is of two kinds; the one by friction on a proper body with a solid piece of gold: the other by leaf gold The old is as follows:

”Take chrystal; and reduce it to powder Teum water, till it be of the consistence of paste; and with this form the letters; and, when they are dry, rub theood colour, as in the ilt with burnisht gold”

(Kunckel, in his fifty curious experiiven this receipt, but omitted to take the least notice of the h the most difficult circumstance in the production of them)

CHAPTER XXII

INK INDUSTRY

IMPORTANCE OF HONEST INK MANUFACTURE--ABSENCE OF INFORMATION AS TO NAMES OF MOST ANCIENT INK MAKERS,--WHERE TO LOOK FOR ANCIENT INK--THEIR PHENOMENAL IDENtitY--INK AND PAPER AS ASIATIC INVENTIONS ENTER EUROPE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY-- BOTH IN GENERAL USE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY--MONKS AND SCRIBES AS THEIR OWN INK MANUFACTURERS--MODERN INDUSTRY OF INK BEGINS IN 1625--ITS GROWTH AND PRESENT SITUATION--THE GENERAL IGNORANCE OF THE SUBJECT--INK INDUSTRY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY--THE FIRST PIONEERS ABROAD AND THOSE AT HOME--OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING INK PHENOMENA OF THE PAST EIGHTY YEARS--WHAT SOME INK MAKERS SAY ABOUT IT--LITTLE DEMAND FOR PURE INKS--SOME SKETCHES OF THE LEADING INK MANUFACTURERS OF THE WORLD--ESTIMATION OF QUANtitY OF INK MADE IN THE UNITED STATES--THE ”LIFE” OF A MARK MADE WITH ORDINARY WRITING FLUID--ESTIMATION OF MOST INKS BY PROFESSORS BAIRD AND MARKOE--FORMULA OF THE OFFICIAL INK OF THE STATE OF MassACHUSETTS--VIEWS OF SOME PROMINENT INK MANUFACTURERS ABOUT SUCH INK--SOME COMMERCIAL NAMES BESTOWED ON DIFFERENT INKS--THE 200 OR MORE NAMES OF INK MANUFACTURERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

THE consideration of the effect of the use of ink upon civilization from primitive tiestive field and certifies to the importance of the htenment of society That it has not been fully understood or even appreciated goes without saying; a proper generalization becoht of corroborative data and the experiences of the iven us the names of ancient inka period of thousands of years a great many, and that the kinds and varieties of inks ithout number Those inks which remain to us are to be found only as written with on ancient MSS; they are of but few kinds, and in composition and appearance preserve a pheno to countries and epochs widely separated This identity leads to the further conclusion that inkmust have been an industry at certain periods, overlooked by careful compounders who distributed their wares over a vast territory

”Gall” ink and ”linen” paper as already stated are Asiatic inventions Both of them seem to have entered Europe by way of Arabia, ”hand in hand” at the very end of the eleventh or beginning of the twelfth centuries and for the next two hundred years, notwithstanding the fact that chemistry was almost an unknown science and the secrets of the alcheradually caue

In the fourteenth century we find one or both of them more or less substituted for ”Indian” ink, parchment, vellum and ”cotton” paper It was, however, the monks and scribes who all” ink, just as they had been in the habit of preparing ”Indian” ink when required, which so far as knoas not always a commodity

As an industry it can be said to have definitely begun when the French govern a contract for ”a great quantity of 'gall ink' to Guyot,” who for this reason seems to occupy the unique position of the father of theindustry heretofore and to a large extent at present, occupies a peculiarly anomalous situation Other industries follow the law of evolution which may perhaps bear criticism; but the ink industry follows none, nor does it even pretend to possess any

Thousands are engaged in its pursuit, fehom understand either ink chemistry or ink phenomena

The consumer knows still less, and with blind confidence placidly accepts nondescript compounds labeled ”Ink,” whether purchased at depots or fro peddlers and with then documents which some day may disturb millions of property And yet in a comparative sense it has outpaced all other industries

With the cohteenth century we find the industry settling in Dresden, Chene Still later in London, Vienna, Paris, Edinburgh and Dublin, and in the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States, it had begun tothe first pioneers of the later modern ink industry abroad, may be mentioned the names of Stephens, Arnold, Blackwood, Ribaucourt, Stark, Lewis, Runge, Leonhardi, Gafford, Bottger, Lipowitz, Geissler, Jahn, Van Moos, Ure, Schmidt, Haenle, Elsner, Bossin, Kindt, Trialle, Morrell, Cochrane, Antoine, Faber, Waterlous, Tarling, Hyde, Thacker, Mordan, Featherstone, Maurin, Triest and Draper

In the period covered by the nineteenth century at hoitimate industry included over 300 ink makers Those best known are Davids, Maynard and Noyes, Carter, Underwood, Stafford, Moore, Davis, Thomas, Sanford, Barnes, Morrell, Walkden, Lyons, Freeton, Joy, Blair, Cross, Dunlap, Higgins, Paul, Anderson, Wood, Allen, Stearns, Gobel, Wallach, Bartram, Ford and Harrison

The ink phenohty years has deression in ink manufacture and a consequent deterioration of necessary ink qualities When the attention of some ink makers are addressed to these sad facts, they attribute thereeable color and a free flowing ink, or to an inability to compete with inferior substitutes, which have flooded the market since the discovery of the coal tar colors; they have been coant use (misuse) of the so-called ”added” color

An exceptional few of the older firall” inks; but the demand for them except in localities where the law COMPELS their e deductions can beink manufacturers of the world

The ”Arnold” brand of inks possesses a ide reputation, although not always known by that na A D 1724 under the style of R

Ford, and continuing until 1772, when the fired to William Green & Co In 1809 it became J & J Arnold, ere succeeded in 1814 by Pichard and John Arnold, the firm name by which it is known at the present day This last named concern located at 59 Barbican, on the site of the old City Hall in London, and later ate street The inks all” inks WITHOUT ”added” color At the co tanno-gallate of iron inks to which were added extractive wood and other materials to form thick fluids for shi+pment to Brazil, India and the countries where brushes or reeds were used as writing instruments

For the more civilized portions of the world similar inks but of an increased fluidity were supplied, that the quill pens ht be employed The demands for still more fluid inks which would permit the use of steel pens, resulted in thefluid, the ”added” blue portion being indigo in some form It was first put on the market in 1830 They all” ink without ”added” color